Chapter 9 & 10 Test Vocab

Question 1

This is a catabolic pathway for organic molecules, using oxygen (O2) as the final electron acceptor in an electron transport chain and ultimately producing ATP.

Answer 1

Aerobic Respiration

Question 2

This is the most efficient catabolic pathway and is carried out in most eukaryotic cells and many prokaryotic organisms.

Answer 2

Aerobic Respiration

Question 3

This is a catabolic pathway in which inorganic molecules other than oxygen accept electrons at the “down-hill” end of electron transport chains.

Answer 3

Anaerobic Respiration

Question 4

The catabolic pathways of aerobic and anaerobic respiration, which break down organic molecules and use an electron transport chain for the production of ATP.

Answer 4

Cellular Respiration

Question 5

The complete or partial loss of electrons from a substance involved in a redox reaction.

Answer 5

Oxidation

Question 6

The complete or partial addition of electrons to a substance involved in a redox reaction.

Answer 6

Reduction

Question 7

A chemical reaction involving the complete or partial transfer of one or more electrons from one reactant to another.

Answer 7

Redox Reaction

Question 8

An organic molecule serving as a cofactor. Most vitamins function as such in metabolic reactions.

Answer 8

Coenzyme

Question 9

A sequence of electron carrier molecules (membrane proteins) that shuttle electrons down a series of redox reactions that release energy used to make ATP.

Answer 9

Electron Transport Chain

Question 10

A coenzyme that cycles easily between oxidized (NAD+) and reduced (NADH) states, thus acting as an electron carrier.

Answer 10

NAD+

Question 11

A chemical cycle involving eight steps that completes the metabolic breakdown of glucose molecules begun in glycolysis by oxidizing acetyl CoA (derived from pyruvate) to carbon dioxide; occurs within the mitochondrion in eukaryotic cells and in the cytosol of prokaryotes; together with pyruvate oxidation, the second major stage in cellular respiration.

Answer 11

Citric Acid Cycle

Question 12

A series of reactions that ultimately splits glucose into pyruvate. It occurs in almost all living cells, serving as the starting point for fermentation or cellular respiration.

Answer 12

Glycolysis

Question 13

An energy-coupling mechanism that uses energy stored in the form of a hydrogen ion gradient across a membrane to drive cellular work, such as the synthesis of ATP. This is usually responsible for ATP synthesis under aerobic conditions.

Answer 13

Chemiosmosis

Question 14

A complex of several membrane proteins that functions in chemiosmosis with adjacent electron transport chains, using the energy of a hydrogen ion (proton) concentration gradient to make ATP. They are found in the inner mitochondrial membranes of eukaryotic cells and in the plasma membranes of prokaryotes.

Answer 14

ATP Synthase

Question 15

An organism that obtains organic food molecules without eating other organisms or substances derived from other organisms. They use energy from the sun or from oxidation of inorganic substances to make organic molecules from inorganic ones.

Answer 15

Autotrophs

Question 16

The initial incorporation of carbon from CO2 into an organic compound by an autotrophic organism.

Answer 16

Carbon Fixation

Question 17

A green pigment located in membranes within the chloroplasts of plants and algae and in the membranes of certain prokaryotes.

Answer 17

Chlorophyll

Question 18

A photosynthetic pigment that participates directly in the light reactions, which convert solar energy to chemical energy.

Answer 18

Chlorophyll A

Question 19

An accessory photosynthetic pigment that transfers energy to chlorophyll a.

Answer 19

Chlorophyll B

Question 20

An electron acceptor that, as NADPH, temporarily stores energized electrons produced during the light reactions.

Answer 20

NADP+

Question 21

Leaf cells specialized for photosynthesis. In C3 and CAM plants, they are located between the upper and lower epidermis; in C4 plants, they are located between the bundle-sheath cells and the epidermis.

Answer 21

Mesophyll

Question 22

The conversion of light energy to chemical energy that is stored in sugars or other organic compounds; occurs in algae, plants, and certain prokaryotes.

Answer 22

Photosynthesis

Question 23

A quantum, or discrete quantity, of light energy that behaves as if it were a particle.

Answer 23

Photon

Question 24

A light-capturing unit located in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast or in the membrane of some prokaryotes, consisting of a reaction-center complex surrounded by numerous light-harvesting complexes. There are two types, I and II, that absorb light best at different wavelengths.

Answer 24

Photosystem

Question 25

A light-capturing unit in a chloroplast’s thylakoid membrane or in the membrane of some prokaryotes; it has two molecules of P700 chlorophyll A at its reaction center.

Answer 25

PS I

Question 26

One of two light-capturing units in a chloroplast’s thylakoid membrane or in the membrane of some prokaryotes; it has two molecules of P680 chlorophyll a at its reaction center.

Answer 26

PS II

Question 27

An organism that obtains organic food molecules by eating other organisms or substances derived from them.

Answer 27

Heterotroph

Question 28

The enzyme that catalyzes the first step of the Calvin Cycle (the addition of CO2 to RuBP).

Answer 28

Rubisco

Question 29

Microscopic pores surrounded by guard cells in the epidermis of leaves and stems that allow gas exchange between the environment and the interior of the plant.

Answer 29

Stomata

Question 30

The dense fluid within the chloroplast surrounding the thylakoid membrane and containing ribosomes and DNA; involved in synthesis of organic molecules from carbon dioxide and water.

Answer 30

Stroma

Question 31

A flattened, membranous sac inside a chloroplast. They often exist in stacks called grana that are interconnected; their membranes contain molecular “machinery” used to convert light energy to chemical energy.

Answer 31

Thylakoid