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DC Biology 110 > Chapter 14-15 Test Vocab > Flashcards

Chapter 14-15 Test Vocab Flashcards

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1
Q

This is a heritable feature that varies among individuals. (Ex: that which determines eye color, hair color, height, etc.)

A

Character

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2
Q

These are variants of a character. (Ex: brown, blue, green, etc.)

A

Traits

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3
Q

Which term describes an individual that only passes on the same trait that it has itself for a given character?

A

True-Breeding, Purebred

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4
Q

This is the result of crossing two different trait-carrying, true-breeding individuals.

A

Hybridization

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5
Q

Describe these terms in order: P, F1, F2.

A

True-breeding parents; their hybrid offspring; F1’s offspring

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6
Q

These are alternative forms of the same gene that account for variations in the physical appearance of individuals.

A

Alleles

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7
Q

Which allele has a noticeable effect on an organism’s appearance: dominant or recessive?

A

Dominant

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8
Q

What happens when you breed an organism of unknown genotype with a homozygous recessive individual?

A

Testcross

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9
Q

Why are testcrosses done?

A

To determine unknown genotypes in individual organisms.

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10
Q

How are unknown genotypes determined by testcrosses?

A

By the ratio of phenotypes in the offspring.

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11
Q

What is the difference between genotype and phenotype?

A

Genotype refers to the actual genes themselves; phenotype refers to the physical appearance of an organism.

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12
Q

When is the multiplication rule used? The addition rule?

A

F1 monohybrid cross; heterozygous F2 organism

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13
Q

What is an organism that is heterozygous for one particular character being followed in a cross?

A

Monohybrid

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14
Q

What term describes an organism that is heterozygous for two characters being followed in a cross?

A

Dihybrid

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15
Q

What Mendelian law states that the two alleles for a heritable character separate from each other during gamete formation and end up in different gametes?

A

Law of Segregation

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16
Q

Which Mendelian law states that each pair of alleles separate independently of alleles for other characters during gamete formation?

A

Law of Independent Assortment

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17
Q

When do Mendelian genetics apply to inheritance?

A

When one locus (one gene) determines the phenotype, when there are only two kinds of alleles possible, and when one allele is dominant and the other is recessive.

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18
Q

What is it called when one allele is dominant and the other is recessive?

A

Complete Dominance

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19
Q

What is incomplete dominance?

A

When neither of two alleles for a given gene are dominant.

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20
Q

What is the result of incomplete dominance?

A

Heterozygous individuals showing a blended phenotype (ex: black + white –> gray).

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21
Q

What is codominance?

A

When two alleles for a given gene are both dominant.

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22
Q

What is the result of codominance?

A

Both alleles are observable, or expressed, in an individual’s phenotype (ex: pink and red flower).

23
Q

What is meant by multiple alleles?

A

Many genes have more than two allele possibilities, but individuals still receive only two (one from each parent).
(Ex: human blood type)

24
Q

What is meant by pleiotropy?

A

Some genes affect more than one phenotype characteristic.

25
Q

What are polygenic traits?

A

Polygenic traits are the result of two or more genes collectively affecting a single phenotype.

26
Q

Describe an example of polygenic traits.

A

Epistasis - a gene at one locus affects the expression of a gene at another locus.

27
Q

What else can have an influence on phenotype?

A

Environment

28
Q

What are pedigrees and what do they show us?

A

A pedigree shows a family tree and the members of the family who are affected by a genetic trait.

29
Q

What did Mendel call genes?

A

Hereditary Factors

30
Q

This law states that Mendelian genes have specific loci (positions) on chromosomes and that chromosomes undergo segregation and independent assortment.

A

Chromosome Theory of Inheritance

31
Q

Where is the physical evidence for the laws of segregation and independent assortment found?

A

Segregation: Anaphase I (and sometimes II)

Independent Assortment: Metaphase I

32
Q

What conclusions can be drawn from Morgan’s experiment with fruit flies?

A

Chromosomes are the location of Mendel’s genes.

33
Q

This term describes phenotypes that are common in populations of organisms in nature.

A

Wild Type

34
Q

These are traits alternative to wild type.

A

Mutant Phenotypes

35
Q

What are X-linked genes? What is an example of when this can be seen?

A

Genes that are located on the X chromosome. This can be seen when all male members of an F2 generation display a trait resulting from a recessive gene.

36
Q

What are the four systems (and types of organisms) in which genes can be X-linked?

A

X-Y (humans), X-0 (grasshoppers), Z-W (chicken), haplo-diploid (beetle)

37
Q

What are sex-linked genes?

A

Genes that are located on either the X or Y chromosome.

38
Q

What needs to happen in order for a recessive X-linked trait to be expressed?

A
  1. Female must be homozygous.

2. Male must be hemizygous.

39
Q

These are X chromosomes that are randomly inactivated during embryonic development and condensed.

A

Barr Body

40
Q

What are individuals with nonparental phenotypes (new combinations of traits)?

A

Recombinant

41
Q

What is responsible for the breaking of the physical connection between genes on the same chromosome?

A

Crossing Over

42
Q

This is an ordered list of the genetic loci along a particular chromosome.

A

Genetic Map

43
Q

What is a linkage map?

A

A genetic map of a chromosome based on recombination frequencies.

44
Q

What is the general rule regarding linkage maps and recombination frequencies?

A

The farther apart two genes are, the higher the probability that a crossover will occur between them and therefore the higher the recombination frequency.

45
Q

These indicate the positions of genes with respect to chromosomal features.

A

Cytogenetic Maps

46
Q

What happens during meiotic nondisjunction?

A

Pairs of homologous chromosomes do not separate normally. As a result, one gamete receives two of the same type of chromosome, and another receives no copy.

47
Q

This results from the fertilization of gametes in which nondisjunction occurred.

A

Aneuploidy

48
Q

Which type of zygote has only one copy of a particular chromosome?

A

Monosomic Zygote

49
Q

Which type of zygote has three copies of a particular chromosome?

A

Trisomic Zygote

50
Q

This is a condition in which an organism has more than two complete sets of chromosomes.

A

Polyploidy

51
Q

This removes a chromosomal segment.

A

Deletion

52
Q

This repeats a chromosomal segment.

A

Duplication

53
Q

This reverses orientation of a segment within a chromosome.

A

Inversion

54
Q

This moves a segment from one chromosome to another.

A

Translocation

DC Biology 110 (4 decks)

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