Chapter #9 - 10/28/24

Question 1

what are basic characteristics of well-designed statistical pictures ?

Answer 1

1) Data should stand out clearly from background
2) Clear labeling that indicates
a. title or purpose of picture.
b. what each axis, bar, pie segment, …, denotes.
c. scale of each axis, including starting points
3) Source for the data

Question 2

how many common pictures of there categorical data ?

Answer 2

3

Question 3

what are the 3 categorical datas ?

Answer 3

• pie charts
• bar graphs
• pictograms

Question 4

what are pie charts ?

Answer 4

are circular graphs that show how a whole is divided into different parts. Each “slice” of the pie represents a portion of the total, making it easy to compare sizes and see percentages

Question 5

what are bar graphs ?

Answer 5

is a chart that uses rectangular bars to show and compare amounts or values. Each bar represents a category, and the height (or length) of the bar shows how much or how many there are of that category. Bar graphs make it easy to compare different groups at a glance

Question 6

what are pictograms ?

Answer 6

are simple pictures or symbols used to represent objects, ideas, or actions. They convey information quickly, using images that look like what they stand for

Question 7

what are the single variable pictures of measurement variables ?

Answer 7

stemplots and histograms

Question 8

what are stemplots ?

Answer 8

(or stem-and-leaf plot) is a simple way to organize data to see its shape and distribution. In a stemplot:

• The stem shows the main part of each number (usually the tens)
• The leaf shows the smaller part (usually the units)

Question 9

what are histograms ?

Answer 9

is a type of bar graph that shows how data is distributed across different ranges or intervals. Each bar represents a group (or “bin”) of values, and the height of the bar shows how many values fall within that range

Question 10

what are the displaying relationships pictures of measurement variables ?

Answer 10

line graphs and scatterplots

Question 11

what are line graphs ?

Answer 11

are charts that use a line to show changes in data over time. Each point on the line represents a value at a specific time, and the line connects these points to show a trend or pattern. They’re helpful for seeing how something increases or decreases over time, like tracking temperature or sales across months

Question 12

what are scatterplots ?

Answer 12

is a type of graph that shows the relationship between two sets of data. Each point on the graph represents one data item, with its position determined by two values (one on the x-axis, one on the y-axis). Scatterplots help us see patterns, trends, or any correlations between the data points.

Question 13

what are the most common problems, difficulties and disasters in plots, graphs and pictures ?

Answer 13

1) no labeling on one or more axes
2) not starting at zero as a way to exaggerate trends
3) change(s) in labeling on one or more axes
4) misleading units of measurement
5) using poor information

Question 14

what are the 10 questions you should ask yourself before interpreting ?

Answer 14

1) Does the message of interest stand out clearly?
2) Is the purpose or title of the picture evident?
3) Is a source given for the data, either with the picture or in an accompanying article?
4) Did the information in the picture come from a reliable, believable source?
5) Is everything clearly labeled, leaving no ambiguity?
6) Do the axes start at zero or not?
7) Do the axes maintain a constant scale?
8) Are there any breaks in the numbers on the axes that may be easy to miss?
9) For financial data, have the numbers been adjusted for inflation?
10) Is there information cluttering the picture or misleading the eye?