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Statistics for Health Students 2037 > Chapter #3 - 09/16/24 > Flashcards

Chapter #3 - 09/16/24 Flashcards

measurements, mistakes, and misunderstandings

1
Q

what information do you need to know about a survey or poll in order to correctly interpret the results ?

A
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2
Q

how do you determine whether open or closed questions were used in a study, and how the form might affect the results ?

A
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3
Q

what type of concepts are hard to measure and which methods are used to try to measure them?

A
  • concepts regarding emotions and feelings are hard to measure and gain a genuine real results.
  • the methods we use to try and measure them include surveys created by researchers to self examine and create conclusions
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4
Q

explain the different types of measyrement variables :

A
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5
Q

define validity in a study :

A
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6
Q

define reliability in a study :

A
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7
Q

define bias in a study :

A
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8
Q

what is the reason for natural variability ?

A
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9
Q

what is an open question ?

A
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10
Q

what is a closed question ?

A
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11
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

simple changes of words can lead to big changes in answers ?

A

TRUE

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12
Q

how many pitfalls are there when asking questions ?

A

7

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13
Q

what are the 7 pitfalls when asking questions ?

A
  1. deliberate bias
  2. unintentional bias
  3. desire to please
  4. asking the uninformed
  5. unnecessary complexity
  6. ordering of questions
    7.confidentality and anonymity
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14
Q

define “deliberate bias” :

A

questions can be purposely worded to support a certain cause

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15
Q

define “unintentional bias” :

A

questions are worded such that the meaning is misinterpreted by many

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16
Q

define “desire to please” :

A

most respondents have a desire to please the person who is asking the question

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17
Q

define “asking the uninformed” :

A

people do not like to admit they don’t know what you are talking about

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18
Q

define “unnecessary complexity” :

A

if questions are to be understood they must be kept simple

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19
Q

define “ordering of questions” :

A

the order in which questions are presented can change the results

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20
Q

define “confidentiality and anonymity” :

A

people answere differently based on degree to which they are anonymous

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21
Q

for deliberate bias what makes the wording of the question appropriate ?

A

appropriate wording should not indicate a desired answer

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22
Q

why do we experience unintentional bias ?

A

because the same word can have multiple meanings

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23
Q

give an example of unintentional bias ….

A

“do you use drugs?” — need to specify if you mean prescription drugs, illegal drugs, etc

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24
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

the same word can have multiple meanings ?

A

TRUE

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25
Q

why do we experinece desire to please ?

A

people tend to understand responses about undesirable social habits, and vice versa

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26
Q

what are some things we may witness during unnecessary complexity ?

A
  • too confusing
  • asking more than one question at once
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27
Q

explain how the following is an example of “ordering of questions” :

  1. to what extent do you think teenagers today worry about peer pressure related to drinking alcohol ?
  2. name the top five pressures you think face teenagers today.
A

it is likely that respondents will name peer presure related to drinking alcohol as one of the 5 choices

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28
Q

define “confidentiality” :

A

researcher promises not to release identifying information about respondents

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29
Q

define “anonymity” :

A

researchers doesn’t know identuty of respondents

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30
Q

why do we witness confidentiality and anonymity ?

A
  • certain topics can be more private, self considered as “embarrassing” or even scary to share
  • based off whether ur identity is more unknown, a participant may be way more willing to share openly and honestly
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31
Q

what are some topics where we may witness confidentiality and anonymity ?

A
  • sexual assault
  • abuse
  • rape
  • eating disorders
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32
Q

here is a potential survey question “do you support cutting the lunch period from 60 minutes to 40 minutes, so that teachers have more time to spend teaching”

which two of the seven pitfalls applies to this question?

A

deliberate bias and unnecessary bias

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33
Q

how would you reqord thw follwoing question to avoid pitfalls ?

“do you support cutting the lunch period from 60 minutes to 40 minutes, so that teachers have more time to spend teaching”

A

“do you support or not support shortneing the lunch period from 60 minutes to 40 minutes ?

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34
Q

define an open question :

A

respondents allowed to answer in own wordsw

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35
Q

what is an advantage to open questions ?

A

no limit options

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36
Q

what is a disadvantage to open questions ?

A

responses are difficult to summarize; wording of the questions may exclude answers

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37
Q

define closed questions :

A

rspondents given list of alternatives from which to choose answer. often an ‘other’ choice is provided. Often an ‘other’ choice is provided

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38
Q

what is an advantage of closed questions ?

A

easier to administer and analyze than open questions

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39
Q

what is an disadvantage of closed questions ?

A

options are limited; respondents will rarely volunteer a choice using ‘other’

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40
Q

what type of questions can you use their own words, as much as they’d like ?

A

open questions

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41
Q

what type of questions can allow individuals to give the options that people can chose ?

A

closed questions

42
Q

what are pilot surveys ?

A

asks open questions first to some individuals to gather the top 5 answers … after that we apply these questions into a questionnaire and set it up as a closed question and ask to a larger sample population

43
Q

why is defining what is being measured important ?

A
  • to help specific what the item, time of day, month, year, period , etc may be
44
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

not all concepts are the same level of difficulty to grasp, some are harder to define precisely

A

TRUE

45
Q

what is an example of a very personal and subjectvie topic in a survey/questionnaire ?

A

stress / anxiety in kids (make sure to specify what specifically in regards to stress and anxiety)

46
Q

how to measure self esteem or happiness ?

what is a common method ?

A

respondents read statements and determine extent to which they agree with statement

47
Q

is this a good or bad example of a question measuring attitudes and emotions ?

“i generally feel optimistic when i get up in the morning” … indicate your leeel of agreement from ‘strongly disagree’ to ‘strongly agree’

A

yes it is a good exmaples

48
Q

define categorical variable :

A

those you can place into a category

49
Q

what are those categorical variables whose categories have natural ordering called ?

A

ordinal

50
Q

what are those categorical variables whose categories do not have a natural ordering called ?

A

nominal

51
Q

define measurement variables :

A

those for which we can record a numerical value and then order respondents according to those values

52
Q

what is another name for measurement variables ?

A

quantitative variables

53
Q

what are the four levels of measurement ?

A

nominal
ordinal
interval
ration

54
Q

define “nominal” :

A

the data can only be categorized

55
Q

define “ordinal” :

A

the data can be categorized and ranked

56
Q

define “interval” :

A

the data can be categorized and ranked, and evenly spaced

57
Q

define “ratio” :

A

the data can be categorized, ranked, evenly spaced and has a natural zero

58
Q

define independent variables :

A

the variable being manipulated

59
Q

define dependent variables :

A

the variable being measured

60
Q

what level of measurement is defined by the following ?

  • categorial data with no implicit ordering
  • cannot be added, subtracted, multiplied or divided
  • can be summarized using mode only
A

nominal

61
Q

what level of measurement is defined by the following ?

  • continuous (equal distance between points)
  • no meaningful zero
  • can be added or subtracted
  • cannot be multiplied or divided
  • can be summarized with mean, median or mode
A

interval

62
Q

what level of measurement is defined by the following ?

  • continuous (equal distance between points)
  • meaningful zero
  • can be added, subtracted, multiplied and divided
  • can be summarized with mean, median, or mode
A

ratio

63
Q

what level of measurement is defined by the following ?

  • categorial data with implicit (or explicit) ordering
  • unequal distance between points
  • cannot be added, subtracted, multiplied or divided
  • can be summarized with median or mode
A

ordinal

64
Q

the following is an examplen of which level of measurement ?

“positions in a race : 1st, 2nd, 3rd”

A

ordinal

65
Q

the following is an examplen of which level of measurement ?

temperature in celcius

A

interval

66
Q

the following is an examplen of which level of measurement ?

“25 animals” (10 dogs and 15 cats)

A

nominal

67
Q

the following is an examplen of which level of measurement ?

give an example of ratio data :

A

ratio

68
Q

which level of measurement has no meaningful zero ?

A

interval data

69
Q

which level of measurement has a meaningful zero ?

A

ratio data

70
Q

describe discrete variables :

A

you can count the possible responses

71
Q

what is the key to recognize discrete variables ?

A

“number of”

72
Q

the following is an example of what type of variable ?

“number of car accidents on a stretch of highway”

“number of books”

A

discrete variables

73
Q

define continuous variables :

A

fall on a continuum, can be anything within a given range/interval (measured)

74
Q

what is the key to recognize discrete variables ?

A

“amount of”

75
Q

what’s an example of a continous variable?

A

age

76
Q

age, weight and height are all exmaples of discrete or continouus variables ?

A

continous varibles

77
Q

which of the following are categorical ? chose all that apply.

a) gender of a person
b) number of midterm exams in a course
c) level of education
d) weight of a person
e) height of a person

A

a) gender of a person
c) level of education

78
Q

which of the following are discrete quantitative (measurement) variables ? imput all that apply.

a) number of floors in a building
b) number of words in a book
c) height of a building
d) weight of a book
e) a person’s IQ

A

a) number of floors in a building
b) number of words in a book

79
Q

define “valid measurement” :

A

actually measures what it claims to measure

80
Q

what is the ‘key’ to a valid measurement ?

A

need to know exactly what was measured

81
Q

define “reliable measurement” :

A

will give you or anyone else approximately the same result time after time, when taken on the same object or individual

82
Q

what is the ‘key’ to a reliable measurement ?

A

watch for degree of precision being reported

83
Q

define “biased measurement” :

A

systematically off the mark in the same direction

84
Q

the following is an example of which measurement ?

“time on clock that’s fast”

A

biased measurement

85
Q

the following is an exmaple of which measurement ?

“IQ test not valid measure of happiness”

A

valid measurement

86
Q

the following is an exmaple of which measurement ?

“physicla measurements with precise instrument”

A

reliable measurement

87
Q

the term “underestimate” would be used to define which term between validity, reliability or bias ?

A

biased measurement

88
Q

define “variability” :

A

used when we talk about 2 or more measuremnets in relation to eachother

89
Q

define natural variability :

A

results from changes across time in the individual or system being measured… example blood pressure & height

90
Q

what is a measurement error ?

A

amount by which each measurement differs from the true value

91
Q

the following is an example of what ?

“measuring a large diatnce with a ruler”

A

measurement error

92
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

we want to see measuremnet errors

A

FALSE

we do not want measurement errors, instead we want reliable measurements

93
Q

what are the three reasons variability occurs ?

A
  1. measurement error
  2. natural variability across individuals at any given time
  3. natural variability in a characteristic of the same individual across time
94
Q

what would happen if there were no variability within two groups ?

A

it would be easy to detect differences between the two groups

95
Q

the more variability there is within each group, what does this mean?

A

the more difficult is it so detect differences between groups

96
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

we want differences in statistics

A

FALSE

we dont want too many differences as that can make it too hard to measure (we want just enough to give us diverse answers)

97
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

wording and ordering of questions and type of questions can make a difference in the outcome of the study ?

A

TRUE

98
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

valid measurements do not accurately reflect what are trying to measure ?

A

FALSE

valid measurements accurately reflect what are trying to measure

99
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

reliable measurements are consistent when repeayed ?

A

TRUE

100
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

biased measurements are systematically in the same direction ?

A

TRUE

101
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

comparing natural person-person variability and variation die to different group of memberships is not the key to making new discoveries in statistics

A

FALSE

comparing natural person-person variability and variation die to different group of memberships IS the key to making new discoveries in statistics

Statistics for Health Students 2037 (13 decks)

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