CHAPTER 9 & 10 Flashcards by Taylor Madden

muscles are distinguished by their ability to transform ___ ___ into directed mechanical energy

chemical energy

(ATP)

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___ ___ is responsible for overall body mobility; it can contract rapidly, but it tires easily

skeletal muscle

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___ ___ occurs only in the heart, where it constitutes the bulk of the heart walls

cardiac muscle

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___ ___ is found in the walls of hollow visceral organs, such as the stomach, urinary bladder, and respiratory passages

smooth muscle

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like skeletal muscle cells, cardiac muscle cells are striated, but cardiac muscle is NOT ___

voluntary

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what four characteristics enable muscle tissue to perform its duties?

excitability
extensibility
elasticity
contractility

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in general, 1 nerve, 1 artery, and 1 or more veins serve each ___

muscle

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___ ___ ___ prevent bulging muscles from bursting during exceptionally strong contractions

connective tissue sheaths

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___ is the dense connective tissue that surrounds the ENTIRE muscle tissue

epimysium

(eh·puh·mee·see·uhm)

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___ is the dense irregular connective tissue that groups muscle fibers into BUNDLES or FASCICLES

perimysium

(peh·ree·mai·see·uhm)

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___ is the areolar connective tissue that surrounds INDIVIDUAL muscle fibers

endomysium

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enveloped by the perimysium

fascicle

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endomysium, epimysium, perimysium & fascicles are all ___ ___ ___

connective tissue sheaths

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when muscle fibers ___, they pull
on connective tissue sheaths

contract

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the position of a muscle’s ___ & ___ determines the force, velocity, and directionality of skeletal movement

origin & insertion

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DIRECT muscle attachments are when a muscle inserts directly into a ___ or ___

bone or cartilage

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INDIRECT muscle attachments are when a muscle is connected to a bone through a ___ ___ ___ (much more common)

tendon or aponeurosis

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an ___ is a thin sheath of connective tissue that helps connect your muscles to your bones
(is similar to a tendon, but they have different roles)

aponeurosis

(ap-uh-noo-roh-sis)

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a ___ ___ contains three specialized structures:
myofibrils
sarcoplasmic reticulum
T tubules

muscle cell

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___ ___ are the way that the nervous system connects with skeletal muscles and “tells” them to contract

motor neurons

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there are two main categories of contractions:
___ & ___

isotonic & isometric

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an ___ contraction is a muscle contraction where the muscle’s length changes while the tension remains constant

isotonic

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an ___ contraction is a muscle contraction that occurs when a muscle generates force without changing its length

isometric

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ATP stored in muscles is used

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ATP is formed from creatine phosphate and ADP

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glycogen is broken down to glucose

which is oxidized to generate ATP

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ATP is generated by aerobic pathway

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the ___ ___ is a metabolic process that uses oxygen to produce ATP

aerobic pathway

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___ is a molecule that stores and provides energy for cells

ATP

(adenosine triphosphate)

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___ ___ is the post-mortem stiffening of muscles caused by the depletion of ATP from the muscles

Rigor mortis

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a type of muscle fiber that contracts slowly and is resistant to fatigue

best suited for endurance type activities like running a marathon

slow oxidative fibers

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a type of muscle fiber that contracts fast and is moderately fatigue-resistant

best suited for sprinting or walking

fast oxidative fibers

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a type of muscle fiber that contracts fast and is fatigable

best suited for short-term intense movements like hitting a baseball

fast glycolytic fibers

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a disorder characterized by widespread musculoskeletal pain accompanied by fatigue, sleep, memory and mood issues

fibromyalgia

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ATP for muscle contraction is produced ___ or ___

aerobically or anaerobically

the function of the ___ ___ in muscle contraction is to transmit the action potential deep into the muscle cells

T tubules

the process of adding multiple stimuli that occur in quick succession at a single synapse

temporal summation

the combined effect of a number of motor units acting within a muscle at any given time

multiple motor unit summation

a muscle that has the major responsibility for producing a specific movement is a ___ ___ (or agonist) of that movement

prime mover

muscles that oppose, or reverse, a particular movement are ___

antagonists

___ help prime movers by adding a little extra force to the same movement or by reducing unnecessary movements

synergists

___ are muscles that stabilize a joint or body segment during movement

fixators

the names of some muscles reveal the direction in which their ___ run:
* rectus indicates that the muscle fibers run parallel
* transversus indicates that the muscle fibers run at right angles
* oblique indicates that the muscle fibers run obliquely

fibers

all skeletal muscles consist of fascicles, but the arrangements vary;

the fascicular pattern is CIRCULAR when the fascicles are arranged in ___ ___

concentric rings

(example: orbicularis muscles surrounding the eyes and the mouth)

all skeletal muscles consist of fascicles, but the arrangements vary;

the fascicular pattern is CONVERGENT when its fascicles ___ toward a single tendon of insertion

converge

(example: the pectoralis major muscle of the
anterior thorax)

all skeletal muscles consist of fascicles, but the arrangements vary;

the fascicular pattern is PARALLEL when the length of the fascicles runs ___ to the long axis of the muscle

parallel

(example: the sartorius muscle or the biceps brachii muscle)

all skeletal muscles consist of fascicles, but the arrangements vary;

the fascicular pattern is PENNATE when the fascicles are ___ and they attach obliquely to a central tendon that runs the length of the muscle

short

(three types are unipennate, bipennate, and multipennate)

a ___ allows a given effort either to move a heavier load or to move a load farther/faster

lever

levers in the human body are formed by muscles and bones, and the primary purpose is to produce a ___ ___

three types are first-class, second-class, & third-class

mechanical advantage

___ ___ ___ occurs when you lift your head off your chest

the effort & load is at one end of the lever with the fulcrum between

first-class leverage

___ ___ ___ occurs when you stand on your toes

the lever & fulcrum is at one end of the lever with the load between

second-class leverage

___ ___ ___ occurs when you flex your forearm by the biceps brachii muscle

the effort is applied between the load and the fulcrum

third-class leverage

temporalis muscle

masseter muscle

(ma·suh·tr)

orbicularis muscle

platysma muscle

sternohyoid muscle

sternocleidomastoid muscle

serratus muscle

the main action is to rotate the hand from an upward palm to a downward-facing palm

pronator teres muscle

flexes the forearm at the elbow

brachioradialis muscle

acts to flex and abduct the hand

flexor carpi radialis muscle

brings about flexion at the wrist joint and small joints of the hand

palmaris longus muscle

tensor fascia lata muscle

sartorius muscle

gracilis muscle

vastus medialis muscle

vastus lateralis muscle

tensor fascia lata muscle

sartorius muscle

gracilis muscle

extensor digitorum longus muscle

tibialis anterior muscle

gastrocnemius muscle

(ga·straak·nee·mee·uhs)