chapter 9 &10

Question 1

prosocial behavior

Answer 1

behavior that is intended to benefit another (i.e helping behavior)

Question 2

natural selection

Answer 2

traits that promote the succesful reproduction of individual genes will become more frequent in future generations

Question 3

Kin selection

Answer 3

organisms will often risk their own life to save the life of their realtives; to ensure the safety of their genes they both share

Question 4

Kin-detection mechanisms

Answer 4

probabilistic cues of genetic relatedness

Question 5

Reciprocal altruism

Answer 5

Altruism toward non-kin can evolve provided that
- the benefit will be reciprocated in the future
- the benefit provided by another is greater than the cost of providing the initial benefit

Question 6

“gain in trade”

Answer 6

each party fares better by exchanging favors than not

Question 7

in-group membership

Answer 7

we are more liklely to help those who belong to the same catergorical groups that we do

Question 8

costly signaling

Answer 8

conspicuous displays that provide honest information about an observable trait
(ex: “pronking” in deer as an honest sign of agility

Question 9

proximate explanation

Answer 9

descriptive on HOW behavior works

Question 10

ultimate explanation

Answer 10

WHY a behavior exsists

Question 11

arousal/ cost-reward model

Answer 11

help reduce distress we feel when another is suffering
(as cost goes UP, the probability of helping goes DOWN)

Question 12

The bystander effect

Answer 12

people are less liekly to help a person in an emergency situation when others are around

Question 13

diffusion of responsibility

Answer 13

everyone assumes someone else will take responsibility

Question 14

pluralistic ignorance

Answer 14

the mistaken impression that there is no cause for alarm because everyone is unconcerned

Question 15

attributions of responsibility

Answer 15

we are less likely to help those who seem to be responsible for the predicament

Question 16

population of density

Answer 16

as population size increases, helping decreases

Question 17

mood

Answer 17

people are more likely to help when in a good mood

Question 18

chapter 10

Question 19

agression

Answer 19

behavioris intended to harm another individual

Question 20

assertiveness

Answer 20

behavior intended to express dominance or confidence

Question 21

direct agression

Answer 21

hurting someone to his or her face
(ex: hockey fight or verbal altercation)

Question 22

indirect agression

Answer 22

Hurting someone behind his or her back
(eX: talking shit or spreading rumors)

Question 23

emotional agression (or hostile)

Answer 23

hurtful behavior stemming from anger
(ex: hitting someone because they made you mad)

Question 24

instrumental agression

Answer 24

Hurting someone to achieve a goal
(ex: shooting someone in revenge)

Question 25

Frustration-aggression hypothesis

Answer 25

unpleasent feelings of frustration will often lead to agression

Question 26

excitation-transfer theory

Answer 26

anger is physiologically similar to other emotional states; any form of emotional arousal can enhance aggressive responses

Question 27

chronic irritability

Answer 27

Type A personality (urgent, competitive)

Question 28

Cognitive- neoassociation theory

Answer 28

unpleasant feelings lead negative feeling that then led to fight or fight instincts

Question 29

Aggression in women

Answer 29

engage more in indirect aggression (low risk)

Question 30

Aggression in men

Answer 30

engage more in direct aggression (high risk)

Question 31

parental investment theory (1972)

Answer 31

differences in minimum obligatory parental investment cause the higher-investing sex to be more choosier in their male selection

Question 32

men mating choices

Answer 32

-men can afford to be more opportunistic - men compete for mates more fiercely than women

Question 33

women mating choices

Answer 33

- the cost of bad mating choices are greater in women - there are fewer receptive women available than men wanting to fertilize them

Question 34

social learning theory

Answer 34

aggression is learned through reinforcement (e.g status, $, points)

Question 35

heat

Answer 35

violent behaviors occur more frequently in hot weather

Question 36

income

Answer 36

violent behavior occurs more frequently in areas with greater inequality

Question 37

culture

Answer 37

a set of social norms prevalent in south which men are expected to defend their honor with violent reputation

Question 38

roles

Answer 38

expectations on how a person should behave in a given position