Chapter 9,10,11 Flashcards
(40 cards)
Sexual reproduction
Reproduction that involves two parental sources for the offspring
Gametes
Sex cells
Stimultaneous hemahprodism
When both sperm producing and egg producing organs are present in one cell. Eg earthworm
Sequential hermaphrodism
When an organism starts as one gender and can transfer to the other sex through the right conditions eg coral fish
Chromosomes
A thread like structure composed of DNA and protien
Diploid number
Cell contains full number of chromosomes, one complete set of chromosomes from each parent
Haploid number
Cell contains half the number of chromosomes.
Homologous
Members of matching chromosomes
Reduction division
When a cell starts with 46 chromosomes and gives rise to gametes either egg or sperm that only have 23 chromosomes
Meiosis
The process of cell division that results in production of new cells, each being happily and genetically unique
Cross over
Occurs in meiosis in metaphase 1. Involves exchanging parts of one chromosome with another
External fertilisation
When animals release their gametes into the external environment. They produce very large amount of gametes but there is a lot of wastage. Eg frogs
Internal fertilisation
When fertilisation occurs inside the body of females. The chance of gametes meeting is higher.
Actanim for mitosis
I pick my arse today
Prophase
Chromosomes condense and become visible
Spindle fibres emerge
Nucleolus breaks down
Metaphase
Chromosomes line up along the metaphase plate
Each sister chromatid pair up and attach to spindles of fiber
Anaphase
Chromosomes are pulled apart at the centromere towards opposite poles
Telephase
Nuclear membrane begins to appear
Chromosomes begin to become long and thin
Interphase 3 stages
Gap 1- cell grows, produces protein for DNA replication, Mitrocondria divides
Synthesis stage- replicates DNA (mutation can arise)
Gap 2 - further growth
How does cancer happen
The result of mutations to the genes that regulate the cell cycle
Cancer treatment
Prevent DNA replication or inhibit spindle information
What is the longest stage of the cell cycle
Interphase
Mitosis
Cell division that results in new cells that are genetically identical to original cell
What stage can genetic accident occur when a cell has an extra chromosome
Anaphase as during the splitting of the chromosome one stayed in tact