Chapter 9,10,11 Flashcards

(40 cards)

1
Q

Sexual reproduction

A

Reproduction that involves two parental sources for the offspring

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2
Q

Gametes

A

Sex cells

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3
Q

Stimultaneous hemahprodism

A

When both sperm producing and egg producing organs are present in one cell. Eg earthworm

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4
Q

Sequential hermaphrodism

A

When an organism starts as one gender and can transfer to the other sex through the right conditions eg coral fish

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5
Q

Chromosomes

A

A thread like structure composed of DNA and protien

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6
Q

Diploid number

A

Cell contains full number of chromosomes, one complete set of chromosomes from each parent

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7
Q

Haploid number

A

Cell contains half the number of chromosomes.

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8
Q

Homologous

A

Members of matching chromosomes

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9
Q

Reduction division

A

When a cell starts with 46 chromosomes and gives rise to gametes either egg or sperm that only have 23 chromosomes

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10
Q

Meiosis

A

The process of cell division that results in production of new cells, each being happily and genetically unique

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11
Q

Cross over

A

Occurs in meiosis in metaphase 1. Involves exchanging parts of one chromosome with another

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12
Q

External fertilisation

A

When animals release their gametes into the external environment. They produce very large amount of gametes but there is a lot of wastage. Eg frogs

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13
Q

Internal fertilisation

A

When fertilisation occurs inside the body of females. The chance of gametes meeting is higher.

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14
Q

Actanim for mitosis

A

I pick my arse today

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15
Q

Prophase

A

Chromosomes condense and become visible
Spindle fibres emerge
Nucleolus breaks down

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16
Q

Metaphase

A

Chromosomes line up along the metaphase plate

Each sister chromatid pair up and attach to spindles of fiber

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17
Q

Anaphase

A

Chromosomes are pulled apart at the centromere towards opposite poles

18
Q

Telephase

A

Nuclear membrane begins to appear

Chromosomes begin to become long and thin

19
Q

Interphase 3 stages

A

Gap 1- cell grows, produces protein for DNA replication, Mitrocondria divides

Synthesis stage- replicates DNA (mutation can arise)

Gap 2 - further growth

20
Q

How does cancer happen

A

The result of mutations to the genes that regulate the cell cycle

21
Q

Cancer treatment

A

Prevent DNA replication or inhibit spindle information

22
Q

What is the longest stage of the cell cycle

23
Q

Mitosis

A

Cell division that results in new cells that are genetically identical to original cell

24
Q

What stage can genetic accident occur when a cell has an extra chromosome

A

Anaphase as during the splitting of the chromosome one stayed in tact

25
How many nuclear divisions are in meiosis
2
26
Pattern for binary fission
2, 4,8,16,32,64
27
Average time for cell cycle in mammals and binary fission in the right conditions
Cell cycle- 24 hours | Binary fission- 20 minutes
28
Why do cells divide
Repair damaged cells, replace dieing cells and to grow
29
What is the purpose of the check points in interphase
To ensure that the daughter cells are formed with little to no problems
30
What is nondisjunction
When a pair of chromosomes fail to disjoin or separate in anaphase. This results in one cell having an extra chromosome and one having less
31
Chisma
The point where chromosomes cross over and exchange genetic material. This happens in metaphase 1 of meiosis
32
What is budding
Common in sponges. When a bud breaks away from the main organism and carried by current to other locations and develop into sponges.
33
What is parthenogenesis and example of animal
Reproduction without fertilisation. Produced by mitosis and is identical to female parent. Is seen in amphibians
34
What is spore formation
Common in fungi an example is bread mould. Also common in ferns
35
What is binary fission
Can only happen in bacteria cells when they split into two
36
What is an enucleated cell
Egg cells that's had it genetic material removed (nucleus)
37
Steps of somatic cell nuclear transfer
- Remove the somatic cell from male mammal. - Remove nucleus from female mammal - fuse somatic cell and enucleated egg cell using electro fusion. - place into the female make for growth of embryo - place into surrogate mother for further growth
38
What is vegetative propagation and examples
Asexual reproduction in plants | Eg runners, cuttings, tubers, bulbs
39
What is the inner cell mass of a blastocyts
It will form the tissues of the embryo
40
Define blastocyts
A hollow structure in early embryonic development that contains a cluster of cells known as the inner mass