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Biology Unit 2 > Chapter 9,10,11 > Flashcards

Chapter 9,10,11 Flashcards

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1
Q

Sexual reproduction

A

Reproduction that involves two parental sources for the offspring

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2
Q

Gametes

A

Sex cells

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3
Q

Stimultaneous hemahprodism

A

When both sperm producing and egg producing organs are present in one cell. Eg earthworm

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4
Q

Sequential hermaphrodism

A

When an organism starts as one gender and can transfer to the other sex through the right conditions eg coral fish

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5
Q

Chromosomes

A

A thread like structure composed of DNA and protien

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6
Q

Diploid number

A

Cell contains full number of chromosomes, one complete set of chromosomes from each parent

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7
Q

Haploid number

A

Cell contains half the number of chromosomes.

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8
Q

Homologous

A

Members of matching chromosomes

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9
Q

Reduction division

A

When a cell starts with 46 chromosomes and gives rise to gametes either egg or sperm that only have 23 chromosomes

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10
Q

Meiosis

A

The process of cell division that results in production of new cells, each being happily and genetically unique

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11
Q

Cross over

A

Occurs in meiosis in metaphase 1. Involves exchanging parts of one chromosome with another

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12
Q

External fertilisation

A

When animals release their gametes into the external environment. They produce very large amount of gametes but there is a lot of wastage. Eg frogs

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13
Q

Internal fertilisation

A

When fertilisation occurs inside the body of females. The chance of gametes meeting is higher.

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14
Q

Actanim for mitosis

A

I pick my arse today

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15
Q

Prophase

A

Chromosomes condense and become visible
Spindle fibres emerge
Nucleolus breaks down

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16
Q

Metaphase

A

Chromosomes line up along the metaphase plate

Each sister chromatid pair up and attach to spindles of fiber

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17
Q

Anaphase

A

Chromosomes are pulled apart at the centromere towards opposite poles

18
Q

Telephase

A

Nuclear membrane begins to appear

Chromosomes begin to become long and thin

19
Q

Interphase 3 stages

A

Gap 1- cell grows, produces protein for DNA replication, Mitrocondria divides

Synthesis stage- replicates DNA (mutation can arise)

Gap 2 - further growth

20
Q

How does cancer happen

A

The result of mutations to the genes that regulate the cell cycle

21
Q

Cancer treatment

A

Prevent DNA replication or inhibit spindle information

22
Q

What is the longest stage of the cell cycle

A

Interphase

23
Q

Mitosis

A

Cell division that results in new cells that are genetically identical to original cell

24
Q

What stage can genetic accident occur when a cell has an extra chromosome

A

Anaphase as during the splitting of the chromosome one stayed in tact

25
Q

How many nuclear divisions are in meiosis

A

2

26
Q

Pattern for binary fission

A

2, 4,8,16,32,64

27
Q

Average time for cell cycle in mammals and binary fission in the right conditions

A

Cell cycle- 24 hours

Binary fission- 20 minutes

28
Q

Why do cells divide

A

Repair damaged cells, replace dieing cells and to grow

29
Q

What is the purpose of the check points in interphase

A

To ensure that the daughter cells are formed with little to no problems

30
Q

What is nondisjunction

A

When a pair of chromosomes fail to disjoin or separate in anaphase. This results in one cell having an extra chromosome and one having less

31
Q

Chisma

A

The point where chromosomes cross over and exchange genetic material. This happens in metaphase 1 of meiosis

32
Q

What is budding

A

Common in sponges. When a bud breaks away from the main organism and carried by current to other locations and develop into sponges.

33
Q

What is parthenogenesis and example of animal

A

Reproduction without fertilisation. Produced by mitosis and is identical to female parent. Is seen in amphibians

34
Q

What is spore formation

A

Common in fungi an example is bread mould. Also common in ferns

35
Q

What is binary fission

A

Can only happen in bacteria cells when they split into two

36
Q

What is an enucleated cell

A

Egg cells that’s had it genetic material removed (nucleus)

37
Q

Steps of somatic cell nuclear transfer

A
  • Remove the somatic cell from male mammal.
  • Remove nucleus from female mammal
  • fuse somatic cell and enucleated egg cell using electro fusion.
  • place into the female make for growth of embryo
  • place into surrogate mother for further growth
38
Q

What is vegetative propagation and examples

A

Asexual reproduction in plants

Eg runners, cuttings, tubers, bulbs

39
Q

What is the inner cell mass of a blastocyts

A

It will form the tissues of the embryo

40
Q

Define blastocyts

A

A hollow structure in early embryonic development that contains a cluster of cells known as the inner mass

Biology Unit 2 (6 decks)

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