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Biology Unit 2 > Chapter 13 > Flashcards

Chapter 13 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define genome

A

An organisms complete set of DNA. Includes all genes needed to build and maintain an organism

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2
Q

What is the human genome project

A

A research project in 1990 that studied the sequences of base pairs and aimed to map all human genes

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3
Q

What does is mean if a genome is sequenced

A

The precise order or sequence of bases in the DNA of a genome has been identified

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4
Q

Two facts about genomes

A

Every persons apart from twins has a unique genome

The genomes of two unrelated people are 99.9 per cent the same

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5
Q

Differences between chromosome 22,21 and 1

A

22- first human chromosome to be sequenced (1999)
- has 51 million bases and 431 genes
21- 48 million masses and 225 genes
1- largest human chromosome, 250 million bases and 2100 genes

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6
Q

5 Benefits of the human genome project

A

Diagnosis- improved and more accurate diagnosis of inherited disease
Treatment- understand how mutant alleys produce undesirable effects. Help generate new treatments
Prevention- identify people who are at risk of disease eg stroke or cancer
Human biology- better understanding of human development
Human evolution- after mapping all organisms we can see how they are related

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7
Q

What is single nucleotide polymorphism

A

There is just a single base difference in one strand of DNA

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8
Q

Protein coding genes

A

Genes on a chromosome that are transcribed into messenger RNA

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9
Q

Ribosomal RNA

A

the RNA molecule that forms part of the ribosomes

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10
Q

Transfer RNA

A

The RNA molecule that is involved in synthesis of proteins in a cells

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11
Q

Non coding DNA

A

a DNA molecule that is part of the human genome

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12
Q

Promoter and enhancers

A

A regulatory elements that govern when a gene is active and its level of expressions

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13
Q

Structure of DNA

A

Double helix shape
Base pairs inside
Phosphate and sugar edges

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14
Q

Define dissociation

A

When the hydrogen bonds break as enzymes unwind molecule

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15
Q

Define DNA polymerase

A

When new nucleotides joined together by enzymes

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16
Q

DNA replication steps

A

Unwinding- dissociation,
Pairing- complementary base pairs occurs
Joining- new nucleotides join together, each double helix contains one new strand and one original strand

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17
Q

What is chargaffs rule

A

The proportion of A and T are about equal and also are the proportions of C and G

18
Q

Two scientist that are given credit for discovering the structure of DNA

A

James Watson and Francis crick

19
Q

What two bases are purine and how many rings

A

Adenine and guanine and two rings

20
Q

What two bases are pyrimidines and how many rings

A

Cytosine and thymine and one ring

21
Q

How many hydrogen bonds does each base pair have

A

A-T has 2 hydrogen bonds

C-G has 3 hydrogen bonds

22
Q

What are mendels three laws

A

Law of segregation
Law of dominance
Law of independent assortment

23
Q

Law of segregation

A

States that Allele pairs separate randomly during the formation of gametes. The member of each pair of factors separate into different gametes with one factor per gamete

24
Q

Law of dominance

A

States that one of the factors for a pair of inherited traits will dominate and the other recessive

25
Q

Law of independent assortment

A

States that alleles of one gene sort into gametes independently of the alleles of another gene
Eg tall gene does not affect colour gene

26
Q

Why did Mendel chose peas

A

Fast growing

7 visible traits eg short/Tall, seed colour, round/wrinkles, pod colour, flower colour, pod texture, terminal/axial

27
Q

Was mendels experiment praised.

A

It was ignored until rediscovered by scientists in 1900

28
Q

What did Griffiths discover

A

Genetic material is a chemical substance

29
Q

What did averys experiments show

A

Provided evidence that the genetic material was composed of DNA

30
Q

What is the number of human genes

A

21000

31
Q

What did Mendel hope to achieve

A

To understand inheritance of variation by artificially crossing pea plants

32
Q

How are genes named

A

After the functions they control

33
Q

Where are genes located in cells

A

Almost all human genes are present in the DNA of the cell nucleus
Each gamete contains haploid human genome

34
Q

Define histones

A

The proteins that DNA double helix becomes tightly coiled around

35
Q

How do genes differ

A

Different genes have a different base sequence

36
Q

Define genotype

A

The alleles an individual inherits

37
Q

Define phenotype

A

The observable characteristics

38
Q

Hybridisation

A

Pairing of complementary DNA chains from different sources

39
Q

Define kinetichore

A

A structure that surrounds the centromere where the spindle fibres attach

40
Q

Define telomeres

A

Chromosome ends

Biology Unit 2 (6 decks)

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