Chapter 85 Vitamins and Minerals

Question 1

What are vitamins?

Answer 1

organic compounds used for growth and health maintenance, not used for energy, most are inactive and need to be converted into active

Question 2

What does the tolerable upper intake limit (UL) for any vitamin mean?

Answer 2

It is the daily intake that can be consumed by anyone without significant risk for adverse effects

Index of safety, not a recommendation

Question 3

What does the estimated average requirement (EAR) mean for any vitamin?

Answer 3

level of intake that will meet nutritional requirements for 50% of healthy individuals at any stage of life or gender

Question 4

What are the two classifications of vitamins?

Answer 4

Fat soluble (ADEK) and water soluble (B complexes and C)

Question 5

Vitamin A (retinol) is used for what? Too little?

Answer 5

Eye fx
Deficiency can cause - blindness, xerophthamia (blindness), keratomalacia (corneal softening and clouding)

Think cArrots

Question 6

Vitamin D is used for what? Too little?

Answer 6

Regulates calcium and phosphorus
Deficiency can cause rickets and oseteomalacia

Question 7

Vitamin E is used for what? Too much?

Answer 7

Antioxidant properties
Toxicity can increase risk for BLEEDING, heart failure, cancer progression, death

Question 8

Vitamin K is used for what? Too little? Used as an antidote for?

Answer 8

Used for clotting factors (reduce hypoparathrombinemia, warfarin overdose)
Deficiency results in bleeding
Hyperbili in IV admin to newborns

Question 9

Vitamin C is used for what? Too little?

Answer 9

Needed for Collagen production, facilitates iron absorption
Deficiency can lead to scurvy (little to no vit C)

Think:

Collagen
SCurvy

Question 10

Niacin (B3) is used for what? Too little?

Answer 10

Skin health, gi health, admin if B3 is low.
Deficiency can lead to pellagra: “4Ds”
dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia, and potentially death, primarily affecting the skin, digestive system, and nervous system.

Question 11

Niacin (B3) toxicity?

Answer 11

Vasodilation = flushed, dizziness, nausea

Question 12

Riboflavin (B2) is used for what? Too little can cause?

Answer 12

Numerous enzymatic actions, deficiency of migraine HAs

Question 13

Thiamin (B1) is used for what? Too little?

Answer 13

Coenzyme for metabolism, defiency can lead to wernicke-korsakoff syndrome,

Deficiency is called beriberi

Question 14

What is beriberi? What two types are there?

Answer 14

Wet beriberi = fluid accumulation in legs, CV complications can recover with supplementation

Dry beriberi no edema or CV effects, slow recovery

Question 15

What social dilemma can cause thiamin deficiency?

Answer 15

Thiamin deficiency r/t ETOH overconsumption that then can further cause Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome

Serious CNS disorder, can be treated with thiamin (B1) supplementation

Question 16

Pyridoxine (B6) is used for what? Too little?

Answer 16

Coenzyme with metabolism of amino acids and proteins
Deficiency = poor diet, inborn errors of metabolism
Dietary deficiency is present in alcoholics but rather rare in the US.

Question 17

Cyanocobalamin (B12) is used? Too little?

Answer 17

synthesis of DNA
Deficiency = megaloblastic pernicious anemia and neurologic damage too

Question 18

Folic acid is used? Too little?

Answer 18

Deficiency during pregnancy can impair CNS: neural tube defects, spina bifida, anencephaly

PREGNANT WOMEN NEED FOLIC ACID SUPP!!!