Chapter 8: violent offending general violence and homicide Flashcards
What is reactive violence?
impulsive reaction to provocation
What is instrumental violence?
premediated, aimed at achieving a certain goal
What are the 4 charges for homicide in Canada?
1st degree murder - planned and deliberate
2nd degree murder - not planned but deliberate
Infanticide - child death under the age of 1 years old
Manslaughter - not planned and not deliberate
What are the 3 types of multiple murders?
- Mass Murder
- Spree Murder
- Serial Murder
What is the definition of a mass murder?
single location, no “cooling off period” between murders (school shooting)
What is the definition of a spree murder?
3 or more victims at 2 or more locations, with no “cooling off” period. (Nova Scotia Strong)
What is the definition of a serial murder?
3 or more victims with a “cooling off” period between murders (serial killer)
What are two more violent offending crimes?
- terrorism
- hate crimes
What defines a crime as terrorism?
Acts of violence committed in whole or in part
-> for a political, religious or ideological purpose
-> with the intention of intimidating the public or compelling a person, government or an organization to do or refrain from doing certain acts.
What defines a hate crime?
Threats or violence motivated by hostility towards a victim’s race, ethnicity, language or religion. Etc
What is the scope of violent crime in Canada?
21% of crime is violent crime (assaults, weapons used)
men are more likely
rate of victimization similar for men and women; social learning theory, general aggressive model.
What is Social Learning Theory?
aggression is learned by direct experience or observing others.
aggressive more likely to occur when it is more rewarding than non-aggressive alternatives.
role of operant conditioning.
What is the General Aggression Model?
it deals with Inputs, Routes and Outcomes such as inputs as traits, gender, values. Routes such as cognitive, affective, arousal states. and Outcomes like appraisal decision process.
What are the 4 factors associated with violence?
- Normalization of violence - wasn’t anything
- I am the Law - i make the rules
- Beat or be beaten - do violence or become a victim
- I get out of control - dismissal of responsibility
What are the assessment approaches of violent behavior?
- unstructured clinical judgement
- empirical actuarial
- Mechanical
- structured professional judgement
What is the Violence Risk Appraisal Guide - Revised (VRAG-R)
Actuarial risk assessment instrument for risk of violent recidivism
consists of 12 static predictors
What are some examples of VRAG-R items?
- prior admissions to correctional institutions
- did not live with both biological parents as a child
- history of substance abuse
- never married
What is Historical, Clinical and Risk - 20 (HCR-20)?
SPJ assess risk of violence
consists of: - 10 historical items
- 5 clinical items
- 5 risk items: lack of personal support stress
What is Self-Appraisal Questionnaire (SAQ)?
Self-report empirical actuarial risk-assessment instrument to estimate risk of violence and non-violent recidivism.
examples: conduct problems, criminal history, alcohol abuse, anti social associates
What is Violent Extremist Risk Assessment (VERA)?
SPJ estimating risk for violent terror acts
consists of: attitude/mental perspective
contextual –> extremist websites
Historical –> exposure to violence at home
Protective –> rejection of violence
Demographic –> gender, age
Outline how the Social Learning Theory and General Aggression Model differ in explaining the development of violence and aggression?
Social learning theory describes aggression as coming from the environment, and that the general aggression model is more biological in nature and comes from within us. an example is that social learning theory is saying that it is learned by direct experience or observing others rather than aggression coming from the general aggression model of inputs, routes and outcomes. Traits, cognitive (how we think) and then appraisal.
