Chapter 3: Learning and Environment

Question 1

What is social learning theory?

Answer 1

observing others being reinforced or punished for their prosocial and antisocial behaviors.

Question 2

What are psychodynamic principles?

Answer 2

humans are innately anti-social
driven by pleasure-seeking and destructive impulse
crime occurs when impulses are not adequately controlled
due to failure of internal psychic controls

Question 3

What is Freud’s ID?

Answer 3

pleasure principle, present at birth, primitive/instinctual desires, little consideration for undesirable consequences

Question 4

What is Freud’s EGO?

Answer 4

reality principle, suppresses ID’s impulses, allows people to function socially acceptable ways.

Question 5

What is Freud’s SUPEREGO?

Answer 5

Moral regulator, internalizes socially acceptable standards – underdeveloped.

Question 6

What is Bowlby’s Maternal deprivation?

Answer 6

lack of maternal care – child does not develop means to control their conduct.

Question 7

What is the juvenile delinquency?

Answer 7

(Glueck and Glueck) parenting is key to superego development
prediction of juvenile delinquency based on physical and attitudal.

Question 8

What is Hirschi’s two control theories?

Answer 8

social control theory and general theory of crime

Question 9

What is social bond theory?

Answer 9

Why don’t more people violate the law?

Question 10

What are the bonds of the individual to society?

Answer 10

1. Attachment - don’t jeopardize the relationship
2. Commitment - don’t lose investment
3. Involvement - less time for criminal behavior
4. Belief - weak, crime more likely

Question 11

What is the general theory of crime?

Answer 11

that self-control depends on quality of parenting in early years.

Question 12

What is Eysenck’s biosocial theory of crime?

Answer 12

Individual difference in functioning of nervous system – different degree of learning from environmental stimulus.
Antisocial individuals: condition ability conscience: set of classically emotional responses.

Question 13

What is operant conditioning?

Answer 13

Criminal behavior determined by its environmental consequences
reinforcements/punishments
Factors that impart reinforcement/punishment
immediacy
consistency
intensity

Question 14

What is Jeffrey’s differential reinforcement theory?

Answer 14

criminal behavior likely to continue
legal sanctions consistently experience – Deterrance

Question 15

What is Sutherland’s differential association theory?

Answer 15

Criminal behavior is learned in interactions with others.
Differential impact of criminal and anti-criminal associations depending on frequency, duration, priority, intensity.

Question 16

What is Aker’s social learning theory?

Answer 16

Criminal Behavior is learned through operant conditioning in group interactions.
observational learning and vicarious conditioning

Question 17

What is Andrew’s and Bonta’s PIC-R theory?

Answer 17

Integrated theory of criminal behavior
Incorporates role of socialization, self-control, classical and operant conditioning, observational learning.

Question 18

What is criminal behavior determined by?

Answer 18

Sources of controlling properties of antecedents and consequences.

Question 19

What does PIC-R stand for?

Answer 19

P - Personal (individual)
I - Interpersonal (other people)
C - Community (other aspects of situation)
R - Reinforcement (the act itself)

Question 20

What are the 8 central risk/need factors associated with criminal conduct?

Answer 20

1. history of antisocial behavior
2. antisocial personality pattern
3. antisocial cognition
4. antisocial associates
5. family or/and martial
6. school and/or work
7. Leisure and/or recreation
8. Substance abuse