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Biology > Chapter 8 - Transport in Animals > Flashcards

Chapter 8 - Transport in Animals Flashcards

1
Q

What is the name given to a change in the oxygen dissociation curve due to increasing CO2 concentration?

A

Bohr shift

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2
Q

Describe the structure of heamoglobin

A
  • Large globular protein
  • 4 polypeptide chains
  • 4 Fe2+ ions attached to each haemoglobin
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3
Q

Explain why the blood off loads more oxygen to actively respiring tissues rather than to resting tissues

A
  • Higher levels of CO2 produced
  • Lower affinity for oxygen
  • Results in the dissociation of carbonic acid leading to the release of oxygen
  • More oxygen is released for the same partial pressure than in resting tissue
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4
Q

What is the hydrostatic pressure?

A

The pressure that a fluid exerts when pushing against the sides of a vessel/ container

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5
Q

What is the oncotic pressure?

A

The pressure created by the osmotic effects of solutes.

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6
Q

Describe the hydrostatic and oncotic pressure at the arterial end of the capillary

A
  • hydrostatic pressure is higher than the oncotic pressure

- So fluid will move out the capillary forming tissue fluid

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7
Q

Describe the hydrostatic and oncotic pressure at the venous end of the capillary

A
  • hydrostatic pressure is lower than the oncotic pressure.

- So fluid will in to the capillary.

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8
Q

What happens when the overall more fluid leaves the capillary?

A

The excess tissue fluid is drained in the lymphatic system

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9
Q

State one difference between fetal haemoglobin and adult haemoglobin + reason why difference is essential

A
  • Higher affinity for oxygen
  • Partial pressure in placenta is lower
  • Because the foetal haemoglobin must be able to bind to oxygen in a lower partial pressure
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10
Q

Why do organisms need specialised transport systems?

A
  • Metabolic demand are high * lots of oxygen and waste produced to remove CO2 and prevent build up of CO2
  • SA:VOL small (diffusion not enough)
  • Molecules such as hormones or enzymes made in one place but needed in another
  • Food digested in one organ system but needs to be transported to every cell for respiration
  • Waste products need to be removed from cells to excretory organs
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11
Q

Suggest the main features of multicellular transport systems

A
  • Liquid transport medium that circulates around the system
  • Have vessels that carry the transport medium
  • Have a pumping mechanism to move fluid around system
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12
Q

What does the circulatory system transport?

A

Oxygen, CO2, nutrients (e.g. nitrates), waste products (e.g. urea) and hormones

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13
Q

Define mass transport system

A

substances are transported in a mass of fluid with a mechanism to move fluid around body

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14
Q

What is an open circulatory system?

A

Circulatory system w a heart but few vessels to contain transport medium

When transport medium is pumped straight into body cavity

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15
Q

What is the open body cavity called? and is it under high or low pressure

A

Haemocoel

Under low pressure

Comes into contact with tissues and cells

Where exchange takes place between transport medium an cells

Transport medium returns to heart through an open-ended vessel

Split into two by membrane, heart extends along the thorax

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16
Q

Where does gas exchange take place in insects?

A

In the tracheal system

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17
Q

Where are open-ended circulatory systems mainly found?

A

-Invertebrate, animals, insects

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18
Q

Describe the features of haemolymph

A

Blood
-Doesn’t carry oxygen or CO2

-transports food and nitrogenous waste products and cells involved in cell defence

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19
Q

What can’t the haemolymph do?

A
  • Steep conc gradients can’t be maintained for eff. diff

- The haemolymph can’t be varied to meet changing demand

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20
Q

Closed circulatory system

A

Blood enclosed in blood vessels and doesn’t come directly into contact w cells

Blood pumped under pressure and quickly

Substances leave and enter the blood by diffusion and leave through walls of blood vessels

Vessels can be constricted or dilated to change amount of blood transported

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21
Q

Suggest an advantage to an open circulatory system

A

Exchange is direct

No diffusion barrier

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22
Q

What is a single circulatory system

A
  • Blood flows through heart once

- Passes 2 sets of cap

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23
Q

What happens in the two capillaries the blood passes?

A

1st set - O2 and CO2 are exchanged

2nd set- in diff organ system, substances are exchanged between

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24
Q

Is the blood pressure high or low? effect?

A

Low
-Very narrow 2 sets of vessels * a lot of resistance

-Limits the efficiency of the exchange * activity levels of organism w scc are low

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25
Why are fish an exception?
- They have efficient cs * can be active - Counter current mechanism in gills which allows more oxygen to be taken from water - Body weight supported by water, don't maintain own body temp * reduces demand of bodies
26
What makes up the double circulatory system?
- Blood is pumped from heart to lungs to pick up oxygen and unload CO2 and returns to heart - Blood flows through heart and is pumped out to body - Passes 1 capillary network, so high pressure and fast flow of blood maintained
27
Describe the composition of elastic fibres
-made of elastin * stretch and recoil to maintain high pressure
28
What is the function of smooth muscle?
- Contract/relax to change size of lumen - Thick in many arterioles - Thin in veins and not actively constricted by smooth muscle
29
Suggest in which vessels collagen is present
Provides strength in arteries to withstand high pressure Thin in veins as low pressure
30
What substances are in the plasma?
- Amino acids - Urea - Hormones - Large plasma proteins (e.g. e.g. albumin which is important for maintaining osmotic potential), globulins - Glucose - Mineral ions - RBC - WBC - Platelets
31
Suggest the main functions of the blood
Transport of: - Oxygen to cells and CO2 from respiring cells - digested food from small intestines - Nitrogenous waste products from cells to excretory organs - Chemical messages (hormones) - Food mol. from storage compounds to cells - Platelets to damaged areas - Antibodies and cells PODCAST (s- storage compound) T- toxic waste removed (nitrogenous)
32
Describe the function of the artery?
- Carries the blood away from heart to body | - Oxygenated blood except pulmonary artery (dob. to lungs)
33
Suggest the pressure and the size of the artery lumen and endothelium
High as blood has just left the heart (pressure fluctuates due to contraction + relaxation of heart) Small lumen to maintain high pressure to reach all c. Endothelium= smooth so blood can easily move
34
Do arteries have elastic fibres?
Yes, a lot to allow stretch and recoil, maintain high pressure even out surges of heart for continuous flow Allow arteries to take high volume of blood
35
Do arteries have smooth muscles?
Yes, Thick more in arterioles to contact or constrict its to change size of lumen to regulate blood flow. -Arterioles have less elastin bc of less surge -Arteries have less smooth muscles Allows to direct blood away from/towards some organs
36
Do arteries have collagen, valves?
Yes, to provide strength to withstand high pressure No
37
Describe the wall thickness of arteries
Very thick to withstand high pressure
38
Suggest the function of the capillaries
To allow exchange of materials btwn blood and cells of tissues Carry oxygenated entering systemic system and deoxygenated leaving (exception of lungs from deoxygenated pulmonary artery and placenta)
39
Describe the pressure in capillaries
Low bc its further from heart so friction has decreased blood flow
40
Suggest the size of the lumen of capillaries
Very small so RBC are in contact w capillary walls so diff distance is smaller * faster diffusion of GE
41
Describe the endothelium in capillaries
Yes, 1 cell thick which makes up cell wall Gaps in endothelial cells so substances can pass out of cap into fluid surrounding (e.g. glucose)
42
Do capillaries have elastic fibres, smooth muscle, collage or valves?
no
43
Suggest the function of the veins
Carry blood to heart & away from body Deoxygenated blood except pulmonary vein carry oxygenated from lung to heart
44
Suggest the pressure and size of lumen in veins
Low bc its further away Large lumen to ease blood flow, low bp so large to decrease resistance so less friction
45
Describe the endothelium in veins
Yes | Layer of endothelial cells
46
Do veins have elastic fibres, smooth muscle, collagen, wall thickness
Thin- low pressure so no stretch and recoil (no surges) Thin- veins aren't actively constricting bc low bp Thin- as blood isn't transported at high blood pressure Thin
47
Do veins have valves?
Yes, one way valve on inner lining of vein that closes if blood flows in wrong direction preventing back flow due to low pressure
48
Suggest the adaptations of veins
Veins to prevent back flow of blood Many big veins run btwn big, active muscles so when contract they squeeze veins forcing blood towards heart Breathing movements of chest act as pump
49
Describe the adaptation of capillaries
- V thin wall, 1 endothelial cell thick = small diff distance - Small lumen, to decrease resistance as RBC are close to cap wall - Large SA for diff -Large total cross-sectional area of capillaries, greater than arteriole supply so decrease in blood flow -> pressure decreases o prevents it from breaking o allow time for diffusion
50
What are venules?
Collect blood from capillary bed into veins - Thin layers of smooth muscle and elastic fibres - Bc low pressure
51
Define tissue fluid?
The solution surrounding the cells of multicellular organism
52
What is the oncotic pressure? and what is the normal value
The tendency of water to move into the blood by osmosis as a result of plasma proteins -3.3kpa (signs don't mean anything)
53
What is hydrostatic pressure?
The pressure from the arterioles into capillaries created by the contractions (surges) of the heart
54
What protein has a particular osmotic effect?
Albumin | give the blood in the cap a relatively high solute potential (so low water potential) compared w surrounding fluid
55
What is the effect of albumin?
Water moves into blood through gaps in capillary walls (endothelium cells)by osmosis
56
What happens at the at the arteriole end of capillary?
Substances are diffused out because the hydrostatic pressure is larger than oncotic pressure, large pressure Fluid is also forced out
57
What happens at the venous end of the capillary?
Tissue fluid moves into capillary via osmosis because oncotic pressure is larger than hydrostatic pressure
58
What does tissue fluid not have?
RBC and plasma proteins (too big to leave)
59
What is the filtration pressure?
hydrostatic pressure - oncotic pressure
60
What is lymph?
Similar to tissue fluid, but w more lymphocytes less CO2 and fewer nutrients Has fatty acids
61
How does the lymphatic system work?
The excess tissue fluid drained out of tissue and returns it to blood in SUBCLAVIAN VEIN
62
How is the lymph transported?
The squeezing of muscles Has valves to prevent backflow
63
What are the lymphnodes?
Along lymph vessel, lymphocytes build up | Phagocytes also found there
64
What is meant by health?
The absence of disease and physical and mental well-being
65
Why is cartilage essential in the trachea?
Provide strength to keep trachea open Prevent trachea collapsing when inhaling

Biology (15 decks)

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