Chapter 11 - Biodiversity Flashcards
1
Q
How do you calculate the proportion of polymorphic gene loci?
A
N. of polymorphic gene loci/
Total n. or loci
2
Q
Name 3 problems caused by humans
A
Deforestation
Agriculture (monoculture)
Climate change
3
Q
What sites stand for climate change? and what does it state?
A
2007 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPPC) released a report
- Warming trend over last 50 years
4
Q
Why do we need biodiversity ? (6 marks)
A
- Aesthetics
- plants animal enrich our life
write books
- recovery from injury - Economic
- removal of resources
- Re planting forests - Ecological
- new plant species for medical research
-maintaining a balanced eco system, we rely on ecosystem to provide oxygen and food
5
Q
Define biodiversity
A
The variety of living organisms present in an area
6
Q
Why is it important to measure biodiversity?
A
- To provide a baseline for the level of biodiversity in an area (to see effect of climate change)
- Needed as before a project is done (e.g. new road) an EIA (environ impact assessment) is taken
7
Q
Suggest the different types of biodiversity
A
- Habitat
- Species
- Genetic
8
Q
Describe and explain what habitat diversity is
A
- N. of different habitats found within an area
(e. g. countryside= more habitat rich than farmed county side
9
Q
Explain the difference between specie richness and specie evenness
A
Specie richness: n. of different species living in an area
Specie evenness: A comparison of the number of individuals of each species living in a community
10
Q
What is a community?
A
All populations in a habitat
11
Q
Compare the species richness and evenness in a meadow and a cornfield with 30 species
A
Meadow will have a richer species evenness than cornfield
Meadow will have a richer species richness
12
Q
What is genetic biodiversity?
A
The variety of genes that make up a specie
-Leads to different characteristics being expressed
13
Q
Why is sampling used?
A
To estimate the number of organisms in a area without having to count them all
14
Q
What is the abundance?
A
The n. of individuals of a species present in an area
15
Q
Name the types of non-random sampling
A
Opportunistic
Stratified
Systematic
16
Q
Suggest how Claire can randomly sample the number of flowers in a field
A
- Mark out a grid using 2 tape measures at 90
- Use a random number generator to generate an x and y co-ordinate
- Take a sample at each co-ordinate
17
Q
Describe what opportunistic sampling entails
A
Using organisms that are available at your convenience
- Weakest form of sampling because may not be representative of whole population
- A lot of bias involved
18
Q
Suggest how one would carry take samples using a stratified method
A
- Divide the population into small sub-groups based on characteristics (e.g. male & female)
- Random sample is taken from each of the sub-groups proportional to its size
- Bias is introduced when having to categorize organisms into groups
- Usually reflects the whole population
19
Q
What is systematic sampling?
A
- Identify the different areas within an overall habitat and sample separately
- Use a belt transect which are 2 parallel lines which are marked and samples are taken in btwn the lines
or a line transect - mark a line along the ground between 2 poles and take samples at specific points along the line
20
Q
Describe and explain 2 factors that decrease the reliability of a sample
A
- Sampling bias (e.g. can take sample of area that looks more appealing)
+Reduced by using random sampling - Chance (organisms selected may not be representative of the whole population)
+ can’t be completely taken away but reduced by using a larger sample size
21
Q
Suggest a method to catch small flying insects
A
-Pooter
Suck on mouthpiece, insect is drawn into the holding chamber via inlet tube
Filter before mouthpiece prevents going into mouth
22
Q
Crickets are small insects that live in long grass, devise a sampling equipment to sample them
A
Sweep net
23
Q
What instrument is used to catch small crawling insects (e.g. slugs/spiders)
A
Pitfall traps
- hole is dug in group, deep enough so can’t crawl out
- Covered with w glass so doesn’t fill w water
24
Q
How would a student take a sample of invertebrates living in a tree or a bush?
A
Tree beating
- Stretch large white cloth under tree
- Shake tree
25
What method can one use to sample organisms in a river bank?
Kick sampling
- River band and bed is kicked to disturb the substrate
- Net is held downstream to catch
26
Name the 2 types of quadrats
Point Quadrat- bar where long pins are pushed through the bar to reach group
Frame Quadrat: frame divided into grid
27
What outcome can you calculate from a frame quadrat?
Density
-Count n. per 1m by 1m square quadrat (gives you density per square meter)
Frequency
- Used where indivi members are hard to count
- Can be used in a percentage
Percentage cover
- Speed
- Estimate by eye of an area
28
What may increase the reliability of the sample
-Taking at different points
29
What technique can be used to estimate the population size?
Capture-mark- release
- Capturing as many individuals in an area as possible, mark & release
- Time is allowed for organisms to redistribute
- Comparison of the marked and unmarked in second sample
- Greater the n. of marked recaptured the smaller the size
30
How and what are the units of the following a biotic factors
```
Wind speed
Light intensity
Relative humidity
pH
Temperature
Oxygen content
```
```
Anemometer (ms-1)
Light meter (lx)
Humidity sensor (mg dm-3)
pH Probe (pH)
temp probe
Dissolved oxygen probe (mg dm-3)
```
31
What are the advantages of using sensors to measure abiotic factors?
- Detection of rapid changes
- Human error in taking reading is reduced
- High degree of precision
- Data can be stored in computer
32
How can we measure biodiversity?
Simpson's index of diversity
D= 1- Sum(n/N) 2
N= total n. of organisms of all species
n=Total n. of organisms of a particular species
0= No diversity
1=Diverse
33
State one advantage of using the Simpson index of biodiversity
It takes into account the number of individuals present
34
Within the species there is (little/ a lot) of genetic variation
Little
35
What are alleles?
Different versions of the same genes
36
Why is having a greater genetic variation advantageous?
- Species able to adapt to changes
- Less likely to become extinct
- Survive in altered conditions
37
Suggest ways in which the genetic variation of a population can increase
Mutations- Creating new alleles
Interbreeding between diff populations- alleles are transferred (GENE FLOW)
38
Suggest factors that decrease the number of alleles in a population (8 marks)
Selective breeding - only few individuals are selected according to their advantageous charac
Captive breeding- Only small n. are available for breeding
Rare breeds- When selective breeding has been used previously to produce a breed of domestic animal w characteristic which has then become less pop
Artificial cloning
Natural selection-Over time alleles coding for less advantageous charac will be lost
Genetic bottlenecks
The founder effect
Genetic drift
39
Explain genetic bottleneck
Where few individuals within a population survive an event or change, reducing the gene pool
Only alleles of survivors are available
40
What is the founder effect?
Where a small n. of individuals create a new colony hence gene pool is small
41
Explain genetic drift
Due to random nature of alleles being passed on from parents
Frequency of alleles can vary
42
What is a polymorphic gene
Genes that have more than one allele (e.g. immunoglobin - blood type)
I(A)- antigen A
I(B) - antigen B
I(o)- Neither
43
What are monomorphic genes?
Single allele exists for a gene
Ensures basic structure of individuals remains constant
44
How can the proportion of polymorphic genes be measured?
N. of polymorphic genes loci
------------------------------------
Total n. of loci
Greater the proportion of polymorphic gene loci the greater the the biodiversity
45
Suggest how humans have influenced the biodiversity
Deforestation- Permanent removal of trees to produce fuel
Agriculture- Land farming, reduces large n. of habitats
Climate change- Release of CO2 increases temp= ice caps melt
46
Suggest how deforestation can affect biodiversity
- Directly reduces n. of trees in an area
- If only a specific type of tree is logged the specie diversity decreases
- Reduces n. of animal species present in an area as it destroy habitat
- Animals forced to migrate to other areas = biodiversity of other habitats increase
47
Explain how agriculture can lead to a decrease in biodiversity
Deforestation
Removal of hedgerows- to enable machines to pass, reducing n. of plant species present in an area and destroys habitat
Chemical pesticides/herbicides reduces specie diversity also indirectly destroys the food source of other organisms
Herbicides that kill weed, plant diversity decr, & removes food source
Monoculture
Relatively few animal species are supportive of one type of plant
48
Explain the key finding in the report released in 2007 by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
1. Warming trend over the last 50 years is nearly 2x that of previous 100 years
2. Average amount of water vapour in the atmosphere has increased
- Since 1961 average temp of oceans 3km down has increased, absorbs a lot of heat
4. Global average sea level rose 1.8mm per year
5. Average artic temp has increased almost 2x global avrage
6. Mountain glaciers and snow cover has decreased
7. Long term increase in amount of precipitation
49
Since the global temperatures increase naturally what evidence is there to support climate change
The increased CO2 levels in the atmosphere which trap more thermal energy
50
How is biodiversity affected if global warming continues?
- Melting of polar ice caps could lead to extinction of plants and animal species
- Rising sea levels from melting ice caps and thermal expansion of oceans = low lying land is flooded = reducing habitats of fresh water
- Higher temperatures and less rainfall= some species die out * xerophytes become dominant = some animal species die bc were dependant on food
- Insect life cycles and populations will change bc they adapt (if range of insect changes the survival of plant)
- Insect carry many plant and animal pathogens, if tropical insects spread
51
Suggest aesthetic reasons for maintaining biodiversity
- Enhances our lives
- Nature provides inspiration for musicians or writers
- Patients recover faster from injury when in presence of nature
52
Suggest economical reasons that the government maintains the biodiversity (8 marks)
- Soil erosion and desertification can occur from deforestation = decrease in crop yield therefore less food for people = more dependable
- We use the raw materials to make resources such as hardwood= not sustaining this leads to collapse of industry
- Large scale of habitat losses may mean that undiscovered plants which may be of use (e.g. medically) could be destroyed
- Farmers become increasingly dependant on herbicides and fertilisers because of continuous monoculture which results in soil depletion (crop takes out same nutrients from soil )
- High biodiversity provides protection against abiotic stresses (e.g. extreme weather)
- High biodiverse areas provide an attractive environment= more tourism
- Greater diversity the greater potential for the manufacturing of different products in the future
- More biodiverse plant= more varieties for plants to cross breed= could be more resistant
53
Explain ecological reasons why maintaining biodiversity is important
- All organisms are interdependent on others for survival, e.g. food source
- Keystone species
54
What are keystone species?
Species that have a disproportionately large effect on their environment relative to their abundance
- When removed all other species are affected
- Sea stars, american alligators, prairie dogs
55
What is in situ and ex situ conservation
In situ- within the natural habitat
Ex situ- out of the natural habitat
56
Describe the classification of species for the purpose of conservation
Extinct- no organisms of the species exist anywhere in the world
Extinct in the wild- only exist in captivity
Endangered- a species that is in danger of extinction
Vulnerable- considered likely to become endangered in future
57
What is sustainable development?
Economic development that meets the needs of people without limiting the ability of future generations to meet their needs
58
Suggest advantages of in situ conservation
- Maintains genetic diversity of species and the evolutionary adaptions
- By allowing the endangered species to interact w others preserves the interdependent relationships (interlinked species also preseved)
- Cheaper
59
State examples of in situ conservation
Marine (salt water), aquatic and terrestrial (land) reserves
60
Suggest which management techniques can be used in in situ conservation
- Controlled grazing (only allowing livestock to graze in particular areas to allow species time to recover)
- Restricting human access (e.g. not allowing tourists to visit during seal reproduction season)
- Controlled poaching (creating defences to prevent access)
- Feeding animals (ensure more organisms survive to reproductive age)
- Reintroduce species ( adding species to areas that have become locally extinct)
- Culling or removal of invasive species
- Halting succession
61
What is succession?
a natural process in which early colonising species are replaced over time until stable mature population is achieved
62
Explain why marine reserves are important and give one example
- Preserving species e.g. coral reef which help against sea bank erosion
- Create areas where populations can build up
- Lundy island
63
Explain the use of botanic gardens
- Species can be grown successfully having their optimum soil nutrients, temperature and water
- 1500 botanical gardens worldwide
64
Suggest and explain an example of a gene bank
seed banks
-Dried and stored at low temp to maintain their viability
-To slow down germination
65
Suggest and explain the function of captive breeding programmes
- Produce offspring of species in a human-controlled environment
- Run by zoos & aquatic centres
- Aim to create a stable, healthy population of species then reintroduce them back into habitat
- Arabian Oryx is expm
- Provides animals w shelter, food, and absence of predators & vetenary treatment
- Suitable breeding partners which can be imported (semen)
66
Suggest a disadvantage to captive breeding programmes
-Maintaining genetic diversity is hard, only a small n. of breeding partners are available
+catalogue is kept w details on every organism
+Artificial insemination & embryo transfer allows fertilisation without transporting organism
67
Why might some organisms born in captivity not be suitable to be released into the wild?
Diseases- loss of resistance to local diseases in captive bred programmes (or new diseases which they haven't developed resistance)
Behaviour- some is innate but much is learned through experience, sometimes become domesticated (food is hidden for them to find in cages)
Genetic races- genetic make-up of captive animals can become too different from OG population that they can't interbreed
Habitat- Many cases the natural habitat has to be restored for them to go back. Needs to be large enough so individuals don't fight over limited territory
68
Which organisation publishes a red list each year?
International Union for the conservation of nature (IUCN)
-List details current conservation status of threatend animals
69
What agreement has the IUCN established
The convention of international trade in endangered species (CITES)
- Treaty regulates the international trade of wild animal and plant species
- More than 35000 species of a & p are protected by treaty
70
What did the Earth summit of 1992 result in?
- The convention on biological diversity (CBD) requires countries to develop national strategies for sustainable development
- The united nation framework convention on climate change (UNFCCC) agreement between nations to take steps to stabilise greenhouse gas concentrations
- The united nations convention to combat desertification (UNCCD) prevents the transformation of fertile land into desert
71
Name and explain an example of a local conservation scheme
Countryside stewardship scheme
-Offered governmental payments to farmers to enhance landscape
Aims:
-Sustain the beauty and diversity of the landscape
- Improve, extend and create wildlife habitats
- Restore neglected land and conserve archaeological and historical features
- Improve opportunities for countryside enjoyment
72
Suggest how captive breeding programmes in 6 zoos ensures that genetic diversity is maintained in this species (18 individuals) (5 marks)
- 18 individuals is small population = small gene pool
- Captive breeding programme will increase population
- Records are kept of breeding programme
- Zoos selects mates
- Interzoo exchange of animals for breeding
- To prevent inbreeding
- Avoiding genetic drift
- Use of IVF
- Process of measuring genetic diversity (e.g. DNA profiling)
73
What is an endemic specie?
A specie found in one geographical location
74
Why might an organisation do a captive breeding programme?
- Population in the wild is falling
- Loss of habitat as a result of natural disaster
- Breeding programmes will increase n.
- Idea that it would enable reintroduction into the wild
- endemic to one specific area (e.g endangered)
- Conserving species that may face extinction
75
Suggest why many scientists consider that the use of protected reserves is likely to be more successful for the conservation of some animals than captive breeding programmes in zoos
- Less discomfort
- More likely to breed in natural environments
- Animals may require large areas
- Problem of releasing animal back into wild is avoided
- Allows natural intraspecific family behaviour
- Natural diet
- Large numbers of animals need wider gene pool
76
Suggest how the time of death of a white rhinoceros can be determined if it is discovered several days after being killed
1. Succession
2. Forensic science
3. Measure the decomposition
4. Decay, production of gases
5. Measure the rate of succession
6. Insect and decomposition information to determine
7. Insects e.g. beetles, wasps
77
Describe what the seedbank will do with species to ensure the long-term conservation
1. Only select seeds with living embryo
2. Cleans the seeds to prevent any bacteria
3. Dry the seeds
4. Store at low temperatures
5. Regularly test the viability
6. If viability decreases get new seeds
78
Give 2 differences between genetic diversity and species richness
GD considers one species but SR considers different numbers
GD considers alleles but SR is within a habitat
