Chapter 8 - Transition from Youth to Adulthood Flashcards
Prenatal : age range and major events/developmental milestones
Conception up until Birth
Body structures and organs develop
Fetus is vulnerable to environmental factors like toxins/viruses
Infancy: Age range and major events/developmental milestones
Birth - 18 months
- Growth is rapid
- Infant needs to adapt its body functions to the external environment - developing temperature control, using grasping reflex
- Infant learns to eat, crawl, walk and form noises then words
Social interaction begins through the use of words and imitation of gestures
Toddler-hood : Age range and major events/developmental milestones
18 months - 3 years
- Growth is rapid
- Infant needs to adapt its body functions to the external environment - developing temperature control, using grasping reflex
- Infant learns to eat, crawl, walk form noises then words
Social interaction begins through the use of words and imitation of gestures
Childhood : Age range and major events/developmental milestones
3 - 12 years
- Vocabulary increases
- Learn basic physical, social, emotional and
intellectual skills which are continuously refined throughout this stage - Growth slows down and is at a steady rate
- Social interaction increases through use of sophisticated use of language and expression
Youth : Age range and major events/developmental milestones
12 - 18 years
- Stage from late childhood to full maturity
- Physical and sexual maturity are achieved
- Social interaction focus moves from family to peers
- Personal identity becomes important
- Think abstractly and consider thoughts and opinions of others develops
- Transition from dependence on other to independence and interdependence
- Focus on education and career development
- Exploration of sexuality and intimate relationships
Early adulthood: Age range and major events/developmental milestones
18 - 39 years
- Peak of physical development is reached,
- decline in physical abilities may begin
- Building a career
- Role models to younger generations
- Forming permanent intimate relationships
- Establishing a family
Middle Adulthood: Age range and major events/developmental milestones
40 - 64 years
- Decline in muscle strength and sensory organs can occur
- Possible changes in career
- Family changes - children moving out, grandchildren
Later Adulthood : Age range and major events/developmental milestones
65+ years
- Adjusting to retirement
- Coping with possible decline in quality of health and well-being
- Loss of spouse and changes to family - grandchildren
Possible loss of memory
Growth
The measurable changes in the body, mainly due to an increase in the number and size of the body’s cells.
- Quantitative as it refers to the increase in cell number, size and complexity within the body
- Increase in height, weight and body mass can be measured
Development
Describes the gradual changes in an individual’s physical, social, emotional and intellectual states and abilities.
- Requires change
- Can’t be measured or quantified
- Involves a gradual and progressive change in ability or capability
Qualitative
To measure, count or gain an idea of how much change is occurring by looking at quantities or amounts.
Quantitative
To make subjective judgement or assumptions about development; describes changes that can’t be measured easily.
Physical Development
Changes that relate to people’s size and shape, and therefore body structure.
Motor Development
Form of physical development that relates to the way individuals develop muscle function
Motor skills
Ability to move, through gaining and exercising control over the large and small muscles of the body.
Gross motor skills
Ability to control the movement of large muscle groups within the body.
- Lifting your head
- Balancing
- Walking/running
- Throwing something
- Jumping
Fine motor skills
Ability to control the movement of smaller muscle groups within the body.
- Writing
- Sewing
- Drawing
- Imitating subtle facial gestures
- Pronouncing words (coordination of soft palate, tongue, lips)
Norm
A standard, model or pattern generally regarded as typical.
Infancy : Gross/ fine motor skills
Gross:
- Sits without support
- Crawls
- Walks with help
Fine
Reaches, grasps, puts objects in mouth
Drops and picks up toy
Builds tower of blocks
Early Childhood : Gross/fine motor skills
Gross:
- Walks alone
- Hops, skips and jumps
- Runs - child still developing control of speed and direction
Fine:
- Scribbles
- Paints with whole arm movement
- Holds crayon with thumb and finger
Late childhood: Gross/fine motor skills
Gross:
- Runs slightly on toes
- Balances
- Hits ball with racket or bat
Fine:
- Writes with pen using finger movements
- Manipulates fingers for musical instruments
Youth : Gross/fine motor skills
Gross:
- Runs slightly on toes
- Balances
Hits ball with racket or bat
Fine:
- Writes with pen using finger movements
- Manipulates fingers for musical instruments
Social development
Increasing complexity of behaviour patterns used in relationships with other people
Socialization
Process of acquiring values, attitudes and behavior’s through interacting with others.
Peer group
Group of individuals who are of similar ages and who share similar interests.
Gender
Social and psychological dimension of being male or female.
Gender role
Set of social, cultural and often political expectations that prescribe how females and males behave.
Emotional development
Feelings and moods, and the ways in which people express, understand and exercise control over them.
Self esteem
How a person feels about their own abilities and self worth
Self concept
The idea that individuals have of themselves; who they are, who they want to be, what they value and what they believe others think of them.
Intellectual development
The ways in which people are able to think and reason.
Transition from youth - adulthood: Physically
- Begins with onset of puberty
- Ends with physical maturity
Transition from youth - adulthood: Socially
- Begin with dependence on parents and family when making decisions related to interactions with others
- Ends independence in a number of ways - controlling behavior with others, educationally and financially by establishing form of financial independence from parents/family
Transition from youth - adulthood: Emotionally
- Marks beginning of detachment from parents
- Ends with gaining sense of identity
- Shift in interest from family to peer relationships
- Leads to a capacity for deeper intimacy with peers and commitment to loved one
Transition from youth - adulthood: Intellectually
- Begins with emergence of more advanced reasoning abilities
- Ends with ability to entertain hypotheses, weigh possibilities and see situations from others perspectives
Social development during youth
Begin with dependence on parents and family when making decisions related to interactions with others
Ends independence in a number of ways - controlling behaviour with others, educationally and financially by establishing form of financial independence from parents/family
Emotional development during youth
- Marks beginning of detachment from parents
- Ends with gaining sense of identity
- Shift in interest from family to peer relationships
- Leads to a capacity for deeper intimacy with peers and commitment to loved one
Intellectual development during youth
- Begins with emergence of more advanced reasoning abilities
- Ends with ability to entertain hypotheses, weigh possibilities and see situations from others perspectives
Physical development during youth
- Begins with onset of puberty
- Ends with physical maturity
Hypothalamus function/hormones it produces
FUNCTION :
Produces hormones that travel in blood vessels to the pituitary gland, stimulating it to produce other hormones. It links the endocrine system to the nervous system.
HORMONES PRODUCED :
- Hormone releasing factor GH - growth hormone (targets all cells)
- TSH - thyroid stimulating hormone (acts on thyroid)
- ACTH - adrenocorticotropic hormone (acts on adrenal glands)
FSH - follicle stimulating hormone (targets ovaries & testes) - LH - luteinizing hormone (targets ovaries & testes)
Pituitary gland function/hormones produced
FUNCTION:
Activates other glands and produces a number of hormones, including growth hormone.
HORMONES PRODUCED:
Growth hormone
Thyroid gland function/hormones produced
FUNCTION:
Produces thyroxine which provides overall control of the rate of chemical processes in the body → metabolic rate.
HORMONES PRODUCED:
Thyroxine
Adrenal glands function/what it produces
FUNCTION:
Produce adrenaline which speeds up heart rate and gets the body ready for emergency action.
Also produce the androgen aldosterone that stimulates the development of some of the male characteristics.
HORMONES PRODUCED:
Adrenal, aldosterone & cortisol
Ovaries (Females) Function/what it produces
FUNCTION:
Produce female sex hormones (including progesterone & oestrogen) which control body changes at puberty and during the menstrual cycle.
HORMONES PRODUCED:
Oestrogen & progesterone
Testes (males) function/what it produces
FUNCTION:
Produce male sex hormones (including testosterone) which control the body changes at puberty and also sperm production.
HORMONES PRODUCED:
Testosterone
3 types of physical changes:
- Growth spurt
- Development of primary sexual characteristics
- Appearance of secondary sexual characteristics
Growth spurt:
A period involving a rapid increase in height and body mass, which occurs as a consequence of the onset of puberty.
Primary and secondary sexual characteristics
Primary sexual characteristics:
Characteristics that develop during puberty related to the development of the sex organs and reproductive system of males and females. Enabling them to reproduce.
Ovaries and testes
Secondary sexual characteristics:
Characteristics that develop during puberty, which indicate sexual maturity but are not related to a person’s ability to reproduce.
Example of primary/secondary characteristics in males and females
Primary :
Males:
- enlargement of testes & thinning and reddening of scrotum
- Peak growth period of reproductive organs occurs 2 years after the beginning of puberty
Females:
- 2 most important hormones made by ovaries → oestrogen & progesterone (female sex hormones)
- Ovaries produce a small amount of testosterone (male hormone)
Secondary:
Males:
- Adam’s apple
- Facial hair
Females :
- Breasts
- Under arm hair
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM :
FUNCTION :
Ovary :
Small organ that stores ova (eggs) until they have matured. The ovary will release a mature ovum at the time of ovulation; also produces the sex hormones oestrogen and progesterone
Uterus :
Part of the female reproductive system, also known as the womb; provides a suitable environment for the implantation of a fertilised egg
Fallopian tube :
Also referred to as an oviduct, connects to the uterus; draws in the ovum at the time of ovulation and carries it to the uterus. It is the site where fertilisation takes place
Cervix :
This is the opening at the end of the vagina that leads to the uterus
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM :
FUNCTION :
Ovary :
Small organ that stores ova (eggs) until they have matured. The ovary will release a mature ovum at the time of ovulation; also produces the sex hormones oestrogen and progesterone
Uterus :
Part of the female reproductive system, also known as the womb; provides a suitable environment for the implantation of a fertilised egg
Fallopian tube :
Also referred to as an oviduct, connects to the uterus; draws in the ovum at the time of ovulation and carries it to the uterus. It is the site where fertilisation takes place
Cervix :
This is the opening at the end of the vagina that leads to the uterus
Vagina :
Also referred to as the birth canal; it is a muscular passage that connects the uterus to the outside of the body
Ovulation:
The release of the ovum on approximately day 14 of the menstrual cycle.
Ovum
Also referred to as an egg. It contains the DNA from the female parent and is released by the ovaries.
Endometrium
Lining of the uterus.
Corpus Luteum:
Corpus luteum:
The follicle area of the ovary from which an ovum has been released.
Moral development
Development regarding rules and conventions about what people should do in their interactions with other people.
