Chapter 8: Thinking, Language and Intelligence

Question 1

Cognition

Answer 1

A mental activity that involves thinking and understnading

Question 2

Cognitive psychology

Answer 2

Based on the ideas that knowledge about world is stored in the form of representations

Question 3

Taking makes use of two types of mental representations, what are they?

Answer 3

Analogical representations

Symbolic representations

Question 4

Analogical representations

Answer 4

Have characteristics of real objects, such as maps which are analogical representations and correspond to geographical divisions

Question 5

Symbolic representations

Answer 5

Abstract and have no relation to an object

These can be about the words, numbers, or ideas

Question 6

Categorisation

Answer 6

In order t organise a memory, people group things together on the basis of common characteristics

This is an efficient way of thinking, because the amount of knowledge is reduced

Question 7

Concept

Answer 7

A mental representation of a category of related objects, s that not every object has to be stored separately

Question 8

What are the two other way of forming a concept?

Answer 8

Prototype

Example model

Question 9

Prototype

Answer 9

The best example for that category

Question 10

Example model

Answer 10

All the examples of the object together form the concept

Question 11

What can schemas lead to?

Answer 11

Stereotypes

Question 12

Script

Answer 12

Type of schema that helps to understand the sequence of events in situations is called a script

Scripts describe the correct behaviour in a given situation and the order in which they are likely to occur

Question 13

Heuristics

Answer 13

Mental shortcuts

Question 14

What can a heuristic lead to?

Answer 14

Confirmation bias

Hindsight bias

Question 15

Framing is also often used when making decisions, what is it?

Answer 15

People emphasise the disadvantages or advantages of one of the alternatives

Question 16

Representativity heuristics

Answer 16

The tendency to place a person or object in a category if this person or object is similar to the prototype of that category

Question 17

Why do emotions also serve as heuristics?

Answer 17

Because they provide feedback for making quick decisions

Question 18

Somatic markets

Answer 18

Physical reactions

A gut feeling that tells one that something is a bad idea

Question 19

Affective prediction

Answer 19

Means predicting whether something will make alone happy or not

People generally do not realise how bad they are at predicting they future feelings

Question 20

What are ways to overcome obstacles when problem solving?

Answer 20

Restructure

Mental sets

Algorithm

Analogy

Working backward

Sudden insight

Question 21

Restructure

Answer 21

To present the problem in a different way

Question 22

Mental sets

Answer 22

Thinking back to how one has solved similar problems in the past

Question 23

Issue with mental sets

Answer 23

Functional fixation

Question 24

Functional fixation

Answer 24

Having mental sets can also cause one to have fixed ideas that make it difficult to find the best solution

Question 25

Algorithm

Answer 25

A guideline that will always give the right answer when followed correctly

Question 26

Analogy

Answer 26

The problem is compared on the one previously used

Question 27

Sudden insight

Answer 27

A solution will simply appear spontaneously in someone's mind

Question 28

Language

Answer 28

A communication system that uses sounds and symbols according to grammatical rules

Question 29

Morphemes

Answer 29

The smallest units that still have meaning

Question 30

Phonemes

Answer 30

The basic sounds of speech

Question 31

Syntax

Answer 31

A language is the system of rules about how words are combined in sentences

Question 32

Semantics

Answer 32

The study of the system of meaning that underlies words and sentences

Question 33

Aphasia

Answer 33

A language disorder resulting in deficients in language comprehension and production

Question 34

What can damage in Broca's area in the left hemisphere lead to?

Answer 34

Expressive aphasia/Broca's aphasia

Question 35

Expressive aphasia

Answer 35

Patients can understand what is said to them, but cannot form words or sentences

Question 36

What can damage to Wernicke's area lead to?

Answer 36

Receptive aphasia/Wernicke's aphasia

Question 37

Receptive aphasia

Answer 37

Patients can speak fluently, but cannot understand the meaning of words

Question 38

What can extensive damage to the left hemisphere lead to?

Answer 38

Global aphasia

Question 39

Global aphasia

Answer 39

The patient is unable to produce or understand language

Question 40

How is the right hemisphere involved in language?

Answer 40

By processing the rhythm of speech and interpreting what is said

Question 41

What does the linguistic theory of relativity explain?

Answer 41

Language determines thought It is only possible to think though language

Question 42

Why's is the linguistic theory of relativity not true?

Answer 42

Possible to link without knowing language

Question 43

Telegraphic speech

Answer 43

Mini sentences that lack words and grammatical markers, but otherwise follow a logical syntax and are meaningful

Question 44

What does Chomsky say about language?

Answer 44

Everyone has some kind of innate knowledge of a set of universal linguistic elements and relations

Question 45

Surface structure

Answer 45

The ways people combine these elements to form sentences and convey meaning

Question 46

Deep structure

Answer 46

The implicit meaning of sentences