Chapter 13: Personality

Question 1

What is personality?

Answer 1

Consists of characteristic thoughts, emotional reactions and behaviour

Question 2

What is a personality trait?

Answer 2

A pattern of thoughts, emotions and behaviour that is relatively consistent over time and in different situations

Question 3

What is temperament?

Answer 3

Certain tendencies to behave in a certain way

Temperament is broader than character traits and concerns innate biological structures of personality

Temperament is also more stable and less changeable by events than personality traits

Question 4

What are the 3 basic characteristics of temperament?

Answer 4

Activity level

Emotionality

Degree of being social

Question 5

Activity level

Answer 5

The amount of energy and behaviour a person exhibits

Question 6

Emotionality

Answer 6

Intensity of emotional reactions

Question 7

Degree of being social

Answer 7

Sociability, tendency to interact with others

Question 8

Why part of the brain influence the degree of shyness?

Answer 8

Amygdala

Question 9

Who is the founder of psychodynamic theory?

Answer 9

Sigmund Freud

Question 10

What did Sigmund Freud believe about consciousness?

Answer 10

Conscious was only a small part of human activity

Question 11

What are the 3 parts of Sigmund Freud’s consciousness iceberg?

Answer 11

Conscious

Preconscious

Unconscious

Question 12

Conscious level

Answer 12

The thoughts people are aware of

Question 13

Preconscious level

Answer 13

Consists of thoughts that could be made conscious (equivalent to long term memory)

Question 14

Unconscious level

Answer 14

Consists of material the mind cannot easily retrieve (think hidden memories, wishes, desires and motives)

Question 15

Freud divided the conflicting forces in humans into three parts. What are they?

Answer 15

Id

Ego

Superego

Question 16

What is the id?

Answer 16

The most primitive system and behaves according to the pleasure principle

Question 17

What is the pleasure principle?

Question 18

What is the ego?

Answer 18

Makes an attempt to reconcile reality and desire

It tries to satisfy the id but also to remain pragmatic

Question 19

What is the superego?

Answer 19

The conscience and develops reactions patterns arising form the ego

It control by punishing with guilt and rewarding with feelings of pride

Question 20

What do conflicts between id and superego lead to?

Answer 20

Lead to fears

Question 21

The ego deals with the fears though defence mechanisms. What is that?

Answer 21

These are unconscious mental strategies used to protect the mind from stress

Question 22

What are common defence mechanisms?

Answer 22

Displacement

Reaction formation

Denial

Repression

Projection

Rationalisation

Sublimation

Question 23

Displacement

Answer 23

An impulse that is blocked in one place will have to express itself in another way

A child who is angry with his parents will not direct her anger at them, but scream into a pillow

Question 24

Reaction formation

Answer 24

A defence mechanism in which a forbidden impulse turn into an opposing action

Question 25

Detail

Answer 25

Not acknoldegin the source of the fear

Question 26

Repression

Answer 26

Placing the source of fear outside consciousness

Question 27

Projection

Answer 27

Attributing unacceptable characteristics of oneself to another

Question 28

Rationalisation

Answer 28

Making up a seemingly logical explanation or excuse for behaviour that one is otherwise ashamed of

Question 29

Sublimation

Answer 29

Turning socially unacceptable impulses into constructive or even admirable behaviour (eg: sadist become a surgeon)

Question 30

What were Sigmund Freud's psychosexual stages?

Answer 30

Oral phase (0-18 months) Anal phase (19-36 months) Phallic phase (3-5 years) Latent stage (6-12 years) Genital phase (12+ years)

Question 31

Oral phase

Answer 31

Life revolves mainly around satisfying hunger and thirst The mouth is therefore the organ through which the child learns

Question 32

Anal phase

Answer 32

Life is mainly dominated by learning to control the anal sphincter, which means that faeces is central The child learns that this involves pleasures and burdens

Question 33

Phallic phase

Answer 33

Life is mainly dominated by pleasure in a more general sense The child discovers the genitals and that touching the genitals is pleasurable, although this is usually without sexual intentions

Question 34

Latent stage

Answer 34

Life revolves around steady growth and development There are no clearly discernible conflicts here

Question 35

Genital phase

Answer 35

Life is about sexual maturity There is genital organisation of libido Reproduction is possible

Question 36

What did Skinner believe about personality?

Answer 36

That personality was the result of internal processes

Question 37

What did behaviourists believe about personality?

Answer 37

A learned responses to patterns or rewards Also speculated that it is determined by how people differ in their locus of control

Question 38

What is the humanist approach?

Answer 38

Emphasis of personal experience, the uniqueness and goodness of human beings It assumes self actualisation Assumes that people want to realise their potential

Question 39

What is self actualisation?

Answer 39

A process that stated that people seek to fulfil their potential for perusal growth by understanding themselves better

Question 40

According to humanism, it is important for parents to raise their children with unconditional positive regard. What is that?

Answer 40

Means that parents accept their children no matter how they behave

Question 41

What are the 5 factor theory of personality from Cattel, Eysenck?

Answer 41

Extraversion Neuroticism Friendliness Conscientiousness Openness to experiences

Question 42

What are the two main dimensions from biological character theory?

Answer 42

Introversion/extraversion Emotional stability

Question 43

What is the third dimension added to the biological character theory?

Answer 43

Psychoticism

Question 44

What is psychoticism?

Answer 44

A mix of aggression, poor impulse control, self cent redness and lack of empathy