Chapter 8 - Theories and Research on Operant Conditioning Flashcards
The theory that states more probable behaviors will act as reinforcers for less probable behaviors, and that less probable behaviors will act as punishers for more probable behaviors is called ______________________.
Premack’s principle
_________________________ is a theory of choice behavior that states that people tend to make decisions that maximize their satisfaction.
optimization theory
Sometimes Premack’s Principle is called a principle of ______________________ because there are no absolute
categories of reinforcers and reinforceable responses, and which role a behavior plays depends on its relative location on the probability scale.
reinforcement relativity
The procedure of using a series of test conditions to determine what is maintaining a person’s maladaptive behavior is called ________________________.
functional analysis
______________________ is the theory proposed by Hull that states that any decrease in a biological drive (the hunger
drive, the sex drive, etc.) will serve as a reinforcer.
drive-reduction theory
If the demand for a product decreases sharply when its prices increases, demand for the product is called ___________; conversely, the term _____________ means changes in price of a product have relatively little effect on the amount of the product purchased.
elastic demand; inelastic demand
The term ___________ encompasses any procedure designed to supply the individual with amplified feedback about some bodily processes.
biofeedback
___________ is Tolman’s term for the hidden learning that occurs on trials when no reinforcer is delivered, but can only be seen in the subject’s behavior once trials with reinforcement begin.
latent learning
The theory that once a stimulus is determined to be a reinforcer in one situation, it will also serve as a reinforcer in other situations is called _________________________.
trans-situationality
The _________________ states that all primary reinforcers are stimuli that reduce some biological need, and that all stimuli that reduce a biological need will act as reinforcers.
need-reduction theory
Tolman claimed that rats could still learn a maze if they were carried through it because they developed a __________________.
cognitive map
According to _______________ any contingency that deprives an animal of its preferred level of a behavior will cause that behavior to act as a reinforcer for less restricted behaviors.
response deprivation theory
In experiments on the control of heart rate by reinforcement, ___________________\_ was used as a reinforcer for rats that were temporarily paralyzed with curare.
electrical stimulation of the brain (ESB)
Experiments on latent learning have shown that reinforcement is necessary for the ___________________ on an operant response, but not for the _______________________ on an operant response.
performance; learning
_______________________ is the procedure that ensures that two behaviors occur in a fixed proportion by requiring the individual to perform fixed amounts of the two behaviors in alternation.
reciprocal contingency
