Chapter 7 - Avoidance and Punishment Flashcards
According to the textbook and lecture, to obtain the maximum reduction in a behavior, the most effective schedule of punishment is _______________.
A) variable- interval punishment
B) variable- ratio punishment
C) fixed- interval punishment
D) continuous punishment
D) continuous punishment
What term did Seligman use to describe the impaired ability to learn an avoidance response that occurs after a subject has been exposed to inescapable aversive stimuli?
A) learned helplessness
B) species- specific defense reactions (SSDRs)
C) blocking
D) response cost
A) learned helplessness
Which of the following statements is FALSE about punishment?
A) Punishment is considered the equivalent of negative reinforcement.
B) Punishment can lead to aggression against either the punisher or whomever happens to be around.
C) Punishment may lead to subversive behaviors, such as circumventing the rules, on the part of the recipient.
D) Punishment can sometimes lead to a general suppression of all behaviors, not only the behavior being punished.
A) Punishment is considered the equivalent of negative reinforcement.
Punishment is least likely to reduce a behavior if __________________.
A) the punishment immediately follows the behavior
B) the behavior is highly motivated
C) the punisher is introduced at its full intensity
D) the punishment is delivered after every response
B) the behavior is highly motivated
Two- factor theory relies on _____________________ to explain avoidance.
A) two aspects of operant conditioning
B) observational learning and operant conditioning
C) classical conditioning and operant conditioning
D) two aspects of classical conditioning
C) classical conditioning and operant conditioning
According to the one- factor theory of avoidance, _____________________.
A) avoidance of an aversive event can itself serve as a reinforcer
B) avoidance responding is the result of observational learning
C) an external CS that predicts the arrival of an aversive event is essential for avoidance learning
D) conditioned fear is essential for avoidance learning
A) avoidance of an aversive event can itself serve as a reinforcer
Which of the following is a distinctive aspect about the Sidman avoidance task that is particularly problematic
for two- factor theory?
A) the aversive event is not signaled
B) there is no aversive event
C) the aversive event is signaled more than one time
D) the aversive event cannot be terminated through escape or avoidance behaviors
A) the aversive event is not signaled
According to the __________________ theory of avoidance, a subject’s behavior will change in an avoidance task whenever there is a discrepancy between expectancy and observation.
A) one- factor
B) cognitive
C) two- factor
D) stop- action
B) cognitive
The term ____________________ is sometimes used to refer to all techniques that can lead to a slowing,
reduction, or elimination of unwanted behaviors.
A) response blocking
B) negative reinforcement
C) behavior decelerators
D) two- factor termination
C) behavior decelerators
Overcorrection involves ______________________.
A) response blocking and extinction
B) stimulus satiation and noncontingent reinforcement
C) restitution and positive practice
D) omission of the shock
C) restitution and positive practice
11) In a token economy, if a person loses points for using bad language, this is an example of ________________.
A) reinforcement of alternative behavior
B) stimulus satiation
C) overcorrection
D) response cost
D) response cost
To treat a woman in a psychiatric hospital who hoarded toothbrushes, the nurses gave the woman a large
number of toothbrushes until she finally started removing the toothbrushes on her own. This is an example
of ____________________, which involves presenting the reinforcer in such great quantities that it loses its
effectiveness.
A) overcorrection
B) extinction
C) stimulus satiation
D) response prevention
C) stimulus satiation
