Chapter 8: The Vitamins Flashcards
fat soluble vitamins
A D E K
Water soluble vitamins
8 B vitamins and 1 C vitamin
meats provide:
thiamine, niacin, vitamin B6, and vitamin B12
Milk provides:
riboflavin and B12
Fruits and veg provide:
folate and vitamin C
Grains provide:
thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, folate
- also called vitamin B1
- pork is best source for this
thiamine
-thiamine deficiency
beriberi
Beriberi (thiamine deficiency) symptoms:
- weakness, difficulty walking, confusion
- seen in alcoholics (Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome)
- involved in TCA cycle
- dairy products are a good source
- unstable to light
- deficiency is rare
riboflavin
dermatitis, inflammation of tongue, cracking of skin along corners of mouth
riboflavin deficiency
- involved in TCA and electron transport chain
- pharmacological doses used to lower blood cholesterol
niacin
-dementia, dermatitis, diarrhea
-pellegra (niacin deficiency)
- pyridoxine
- widely distributed in protein foods, bananas, potatoes
vitamin B6
depression, seizures, poor growth, poor immune function, skin breakdown
Vitamin B6 deficiency
Vitamin B6 drug interactions
alcohol, INH, oral contraceptives
- needed for cell division
- linked to neural tube defects
- vitamin B12 required to function
- good sources: fruits, veg, grains, liver, legumes
folate
What deficiency: malabsorption and macrocytic anemia
folate deficiency
folate drug interactions
aspirin, antacids, smoking, oral contraceptives, methotrexate, alcohol, seizure medications
- synthesize by bacteria in gut
- cobalamine
- involved in RBC formation, maintenance of nerve and bone cells
- absorption requires HCL, pepsin, and intrinsic factor
- only found in animal products
vitamin B12
Vitamin B12 deficiency
- causes macrocytic anemia
- dementia, confusion, balance problems
promotes iron absorption
- immune function
- collagen formation
- antihistamine effect
- fruits and vegetables are good source
vitamin C
bleeding gums, pinpoint hemorrhage, degeneration of muscles, poor wound healing, faltering bone rebuilding, anemia, infection, sudden death
Scurvy
- present in liver, fish oils, eggs, fortified milk, deep green and orange fruits and veggies
- form visual pigment in retina and maintain cornea
- needed for cell differentiation (reproduction, bone growth)
- maintain healthy epithelial cells
Vitamin A
- vitamin and hormone
- fair skinned people make more
- best source from fortified milk, also in fish oils, butter, egg yolks
- aids immune system and skin cell development
vitamin D
- deficiency in children that is rare due to milk being fortified
- vitamin D deficiency causes this
rickets
Vitamin D deficiency causes this is adults.
-associated with disease state
osteomalacia
- antioxidant for fat soluble compounds
- protects unsaturated fats in cell membrane
- vegetable oils, nuts and seeds, leafy green vegetables are rich source
- tocopherol
vitamin E
vitamin E deficiency
hemolytic anemia
vitamin E drug interactions
anticoagulants
- blood clotting
- help prevent osteoporosis
- from green leafy vegetables
- newborns need injection
vitamin K
due to malabsorption, antibiotics, prolonged diarrhea
vitamin K deficiency
- principal cation of extracellular fluid
- regulates fluid volume
- maintains acid base balance
- nerve transmission and muscle contraction
sodium
- anion of extracellular fluid
- part of HCL
- vomitting may cause loss
- no RDA
chloride
- primary cation inside cell
- maintain fluid and electrolyte balance
- fresh foods are good source
- protective against hypertension
potassium
- most abundant mineral in the body
- 99% found in bone and teeth
- may help prevent hypertension
- may help prevent osteoporosis
calcium
- 2nd most abundant mineral
- functions as a buffer
- milk and meat are good sources
phosphorus
50% in bone
- catalyst for many enzyme reactions
- fruits and veggies, whole grains, hard water, legumes, nuts, seeds, tofu
- may protect from hypertension and cardiovascular disease
magnesium
most found in hemoglobin and myoglobin
- excess stored in ferritin in mucosal cells
- vitamin C, MFP enhance absorption
iron
- most in bone, eyes, prostate
- well absorbed from meats
zinc
- part of thyroxine
- deficiency causes goiter
iodine
- in soil, water, prevents dental caries
- high levels cause fluorosis
fluoride
Where are fat soluble vitamins stored?
in liver and fatty tissues
Water Soluble B vitamins:
“The Robin Never Passes By Pretty Flowering Crabapples”
- thiamine
- riboflavin
- Niacin
- pantothenic
- biotin
- pyridoxine
- folate
- cobalamine
