Chapter 7: Weight Management Flashcards
BMI: over __ is overweight, and over __ is obese
25
30
Normal body fat for men:
10-25%
Normal body fat for women:
18-35%
Fat distribution waste:
for women?
for men?
women: >35”
men: >40”
1 pound of fat = ___ calories
3,500
Healthy weight falls between BMI of
18.5-24.9
BMI does not identify:
how much of weight is fat or where fat is located
8 reasons why we eat:
- biological hunger
- practical eating
- taste hunger
- emotional hunger
- social eating
- habit
- availability
- Dieter’s head
4 Factors influencing appropriateness of weight loss:
- extent of overweight
- age
- health
- genetics
Physiological changes that favor weight gain include:
fat cells, enzymes, hormones
Complications of Bulimia- from vomiting:
- esophageal tears
- swollen neck glands
- electrolyte disturbances
- damaged tooth enamel
- hypoglycemia
Complications of Bulimia- from diuretics
- dehydration
- electrolyte disturbance may lead to bone fractures or heart arrhythmia
Complications of Bulimia- from laxatives
- cathartic colon
- bloating
- electrolyte disturbances
___ promotes fat storage in fat cells and muscle cells.
lipoprotein lipase
People with high LPL store more or less fat?
more
The obesity gene (ob gene) codes for the protein ___.
leptin
__ is a hormone primarily produced and secreted by fat cells in proportion to the amount of fat stored.
Leptin
A gain in body fatness stimulates the production of leptin, which by the way of the __, surpasses the appetite, increases energy expenditure, and produces fat loss.
hypothalamus
A loss in body fat __ the production of leptin.
surpresses
What is it called when your body proceeds enough leptin but it fails to respond to it?
leptin resistance
__ works in the opposite direction as leptin.
gherlin
__ is synthesized and secreted primarily by to stomach cells but signals the hypothalamus to stimulate appetite and food intake.
Gherlin
___ triggers the desire to eat.
gherlin
Lean people have a ___ level of gherlin compared to obese people.
higher
The amount of fat in adipose tissue reflects both the:
number and the size of the fat cells
The ___ proposes that body weight, like body temperature, is physiologically regulated.
set-point theory
What does the set-point theory suggest?
It suggests that somehow the body chooses a preferred weight and defends that weight by regulating eating behaviors and hormonal actions.
After weight losses, the body __ metabolic rate.
decreases
An __ __ includes all of the circumstances that people encounter daily that push them toward fatness. (all the factors around someone that promotes weight gain)
obesogenic environment
___ __ is a term that describes the perception that large portions are the appropriate amounts to eat at a single sitting.
Portion distortion
Reducing portion sizes is helpful, but the real calorie savings come from ____
lowering the energy density.
Appropriate eating behavior is a response to ___.
hunger
the physiological desire to eat; a learned motivation that is experienced as a pleasant sensation
appetite
Hunger is ___, whereas appetite is ___
- physiological
- psychological
Prompts a person to stop eating.
satiation
the feeling of fullness and satisfaction that occurs after a meal and inhibits eating until the next meal
satiety
reminds us to not start eating again
satiety
Obese people are often seen to eat less than lean people, but they are sometimes so extraordinarily inactive that they still manage to accumulate an __ __.
energy surplus
urban and rural low-income areas with limited access to affordable and nutritious food.
food deserts
Are all natural herbs healthy?
no some contain toxins
What is ephedra?
A weight loss herb that leads to effects such as cardiac arrest, abnormal heart beats, HTN, strokes, and seizures
Do hot baths speed up metabolism?
No
If people are using medications for weight loss, this treatment is ___
long term
Drugs may be an option for people who are:
- unable to achieve adequate weight loss with diet and exercise
- have a BMI> or equal to 30
- have no medical contraindications
a BMI of 40 or greater describes:
clinically severe obesity
Two surgical procedures for the clinically serve obese patients:
- gastric bypass
- gastric banding
surgery the restrict stomach size and reroutes food from the stomach to the lower part of thee small intestine
gastric bypass
a surgical means of producing wright loss by restricting stomach size with a constricting band
gastric banding
__ __ suppresses hunger by changing production of GI hormones.
gastric bypass
Common immediate post surgical complications include :
infections, nausea, vomiting, and dehydration
The _____ advise those who need to lose weight to “consume fewer kilocalories from foods and beverages, increase physical activity, and reduce time spent in sedentary behaviors”.
Dietary Guidelines for Americans
The main characteristic of a weight-loss diet is that it provides:
less energy than the person needs to maintain present body weight
The number of kcalories spent in an activity depends on:
body weight, intensity, and duration.
The changing of behavior by the manipulation of antecedents, the behavior itself, and consequences
behavior modification
___ hold the key to weight gain.
energy-dense foods
