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Nutrition Spring 2021 > Chapter 6: Metabolism > Flashcards

Chapter 6: Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

___ is the way nutrients enter your body.

A

The Digestive System

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2
Q

The cells in the Digestive System are replaced ____

A

every few days

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3
Q

The digestive system contains the body’s most ___ ___ cells.

A

rapidly multiplying

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4
Q

The __ packages nutrients for transport.

A

liver

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5
Q

The ___ stores nutrients (like vitamins A and D)

A

liver

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6
Q

The __ makes important proteins, bile, and glucose

A

liver

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7
Q

The ___ detoxifies and metabolizes drugs, dismantles old RBC, and makes waste products.

A

liver

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8
Q

The ___ makes digestive juices.

A

pancreas

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9
Q

The ___ makes insulin and glucagon to regulate blood sugar.

A

pancreas

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10
Q

The ___ and ____ deliver nutrients and oxygen to cells. AND also removes waste.

A

heart and blood vessels

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11
Q

The ___ filter blood

A

Kidneys

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12
Q

The ___ make Vitamin D, and regulate blood pressure.

A

Kidneys

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13
Q
  • building reactions
  • requires energy (ATP)
  • making glycogen from glucose
  • making insulin from amino acids
  • making triglycerides from FA and glycerol
A

Anabolism

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14
Q
  • breaking down

- releases energy (in form of ATP)

A

catabolism

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15
Q

what is this an example of: oxidation of macronutrients. (anabolism or catabolism)

A

catabolism

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16
Q

What does ATP stand for?

A

Adenosine Triphosphate

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17
Q

What does the energy from catabolism form?

A

ATP

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18
Q

What process coverts glucose to pyruvate?

A

Glycolysis

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19
Q

4 steps of energy production:

A
  1. Glycolysis
  2. Pyruvate to Acetyl CoA
  3. TCA cycle (Krebs cycle)
  4. Electron Transport Chain: transfers energy to ATP
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20
Q

Energetic production: What does the electron transport chain do?

A

Transfers energy to ATP

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21
Q

Production of ATP: Nutrients are eventually converted to ___ and enter the __ cycle.

A

acetyl CoA

TCA cycle

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22
Q

Production of ATP: Glucose converts to ___, and then to ___ by glycolysis.

A

Pyruvate

Acetyl CoA

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23
Q

Production of ATP: Fatty acids and amino acids are converted to ____

A

acetyl CoA

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24
Q

What is the name for the TCA cycle?

A

Tricarboxylic acid cycle

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25
Q

In the TCA cycle, enzymes break down acetyl CoA to __ and ___ atoms.

A

carbon dioxide and hydrogen

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26
Q

TCA cycle: ___ is then carried to the electron transport chain.

A

Hydrogen

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27
Q

The chemical reactions involved in releasing energy, breaking down compounds, and making new compounds.

A

Metabolism

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28
Q

Metabolic reactions also use or release energy and therefore affect ____.

A

body weight

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29
Q

Digestive organs:

A

liver, pancreas, circulatory system, and kidneys

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30
Q

Digestive organs function to:

4

A
  • break down compounds
  • make new compounds
  • transport nutrients and oxygen through the body
  • remove waste generated by metabolic processes
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31
Q

The digestive system functions to:

5

A
  • transport foods through the GI tract
  • produce digestive juices and enzymes
  • absorbs nutrients
  • provide transport proteins to carry lipids and vitamins to other sites in the body
  • reabsorbs salts and fluids
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32
Q

Nutrients absorbed into the bloodstream are taken first to the ___.

A

liver

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33
Q

The __ is one of the body’s most active metabolic factories.

A

liver

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34
Q

The __ receives nutrients and metabolizes, packages, stores, or ships them out for use by other organs.

A

liver

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35
Q

The ___ participated in iron recycling and blood cell manufacture.

A

liver

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36
Q

After a meal, as blood glucose rises, the pancreas secretes ___

A

insulin

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37
Q

Insulin prompts cells to take up __ and use it as fuel

A

glucose

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38
Q

Insulin prompts liver cells to store glucose as ___.

A

glycogen

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39
Q

When blood glucose falls (between meals), the pancreas responds by secreting ___ into the blood.

A

glucagon

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40
Q

Glucagon raises blood glucose by signaling the liver to dismantle its glycogen stores and release ___ into the blood for use by all the body cells

A

glucose

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41
Q

Metabolic reactions that affect the heart and blood vessels include:

A

-the making and transport of lipoproteins

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42
Q

___ are the carriers of cholesterol and other lipids from the liver to the tissues and back again.

A

lipoproteins

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43
Q

High blood levels of low-density lipoproteins and very-low-density lipoproteins promote ___, which increases the risk of disability or death from heart attacks and strokes.

A

atherosclerosis

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44
Q

For 24 hours a day, the __ filter waste products from the blood to be excreted in the ruins and reabsorb needed nutrients, thereby maintains the blood’s delicate chemical balances.

A

kidneys

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45
Q

The kidneys’ cells produce compounds that help to regulate blood pressure and convert a precursor compound to active vitamin __, thereby helping to maintain the bones.

A

D

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46
Q

Disorders of the kidneys always involve the __ and the __.

A

heart

skeleton

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47
Q

Foods get their energy from the sun: indirect vs direct

A

indirect: in the case of animals that eat plants
direct: in the case of photosynthesizing plants that make carbohydrate

48
Q

How does the body maintain its 98.6 degree temperature?

A

by regulating the rates at which the metabolic reactions release heat energy

49
Q

The cells must maintain themselves and some may have to reproduce and to do this they have to have their essential nutrients available including:

A
  • energy nutrients
  • vitamins
  • water
  • minerals
50
Q

During severe stress to the body, metabolism __, which is why fever develops sometimes.

A

speeds up

51
Q

An accelerated metabolism means:

A

the fuels are being used at a rate more rapid than normal

52
Q

An accelerated metabolism may lead to:

A

Wasting of body organs and loss of weight (including loss of vital lean tissue)

53
Q

The building up of body compounds is know as ___

A

anabolism

54
Q

The breaking down of body compounds is know as ___

A

catabolism

55
Q

Energy is stored in foods and in the body as ___ energy

A

chemical

56
Q

___ is the sum total of all the chemical reactions that the body uses to obtain or expend energy from foods.

A

energy metabolism

57
Q

What are the three energy yielding nutrients:

A

carbohydrates, fats, and proteins

58
Q

What do the 3 energy yielding nutrients break down into?

A
  • carbohydrates: glucose
  • fat (triglycerides): glycerol and fatty acids
  • proteins: amino acids
59
Q

When ATP breaks down and releases one of its phosphate groups, what happens?

A

A small amount of energy is released and used in the body to build compounds.

60
Q

With the loss of the phosphate group, ATP becomes ___.

A

ADP (adenosine diphosphate)

61
Q

Who is ATP created from ADP?

A

by attaching a phosphate group to ADP.

62
Q

The breakdown of glucose (a 6-carbon compound) into two molecules of ___, is called glycolysis, and produces TWO usable ATP.

A

pyruvate (a 3-carbon compound)

63
Q

As the Carbons in glucose are broken apart to produce pyruvate, the hydrogens are transferred by ___ to the ETC.

A

coenzymes

64
Q

The reactions of glycolysis produce a ___ amount of ATP, pyruvate, and hydrogen-rich coenzymes that are used later in energy metabolism.

A

small

65
Q

After glycolysis, pyruvate is converted to ___ ___, which is a 2-carbon fragment and a coenzyme called CoA.

A

acetyl CoA

66
Q

the TCA cycle name is ___ and it includes the breakdown of energy nutrients (enzymes break down acetyl CoA molecules)

A

tricarboxylic acid

67
Q

Final step in energy metabolism is the ____

A

ETC!!! electron transport chain

68
Q

What happens in the ETC, the last step in energy metabolism?

A
  • a phosphate group is added to ADP to produce ATP
  • the hydrogen atoms that were collected by coenzymes provide the chemical energy that drives ATP production
  • the same Hydrogen atoms are linked w O2 to produce water.
69
Q

The production of ATP via the ETC requires oxygen in the final step and is called ___.

A

aerobic metabolism

70
Q

Glycolysis produces ATP without oxygen and is therefore called ____

A

anaerobic metabolism

71
Q

glucose can be produced from several other compounds in a process called ___

A

gluconeogenesis

72
Q

Any compound that can be converted to pyruvate ___ be used to make glucose. (CAN OR CAN’T)

A

CAN

73
Q

Any compound that had been converted to acetyl CoA ___ be used to make glucose. (CAN OR CAN’T)

A

CAN’T

74
Q

___ cannot be used to make glucose, but the __ portion of a triglyceride can be converted to pyruvate and then yield glucose.

A

Triglycerides

glycerol portion

75
Q

The primary role of amino acids is to:

A

maintain supplies of needed body proteins

76
Q

If amino acids are needed for energy or if they are consumed in excess, they first undergo ____.

A

deamination

77
Q

a reaction in which amino acids are stripped of their nitrogen

A

deamination

78
Q

The principal nitrogen-exertion product of metabolism is ___

A

urea

79
Q

protein/fat is a efficient source of glucose when carbohydrate is not available?

A

protein!!!

80
Q

A net excess of energy is almost all stored in the body as ___

A

fat in adipose tissue

81
Q

___ both delivers calories and encourages storage of body fat.

A

alcohol

82
Q

Fat os stored as ___.

A

adipose tissue

83
Q

Excess energy intake from carbs, proteins, fats, and alcohol leads to storage of ___ ___.

A

body fat.

84
Q

The cellular work when a person sleeps makes up ___ of the total energy a sedentary person expends in a day.

A

2/3rds

85
Q

The nervous system and red blood cells cannot use ___, and instead need ___ for energy.

A

fatty acids

glucose

86
Q

In the first few days of a fast, __ make sup 90% of the needed glucose, and __ produces about 10%.

A
  • body protein

- glycerol

87
Q

acidic, water-soluble compounds produced by the liver during the breakdown of fat when carbohydrate is not available

A

ketone bodies

88
Q

During fasting, the nervous system shifts to partial dependent on ___ for energy.

A

ketone bodies

89
Q

T/F: Mental alertness is not diminished during fasting.

A

True

90
Q

4 changes in body during fasting:

A
  • wasting of lean tissues
  • impairment of disease resistance
  • lowering of body temperature
  • disturbances of the body’s fluid and electrolyte balances
91
Q

When food energy intake equals energy expenditure, a person is in __ __.

A

energy balance

92
Q

Change in energy stores equation:

A

change in energy stores= energy in (kcalories) - energy out (kcalories)

93
Q

The body expends energy in two major ways to fuel its __ __ and to fuel its __ __.

A
  • basal metabolism

- voluntary activities

94
Q

__ __ supports the bodies work that goes on all of the time without a person’s conscious awareness.

A

Basal Metabolism

95
Q

___ is the rate at which the body expends energy for these life-sustaining activities.
-taken after a 12 hour fast and restful sleep

A

BMR - basal metabolic rate

96
Q

___ is a measure of the energy used of a person at rest in a comfortable setting.

A

RMR - resting metabolic rate

97
Q

BMR is highest in people who are:

A

growing and have considerable lean body mass.

98
Q

The # of calories spent on voluntary activities depends on 3 factors:

A

muscle mass, body weight, and activity

99
Q
  • An estimation of the energy required to process food.
  • Also, this is a cellular activity that produces heat.
  • Represents about 10% of total food energy taken in.
A

thermic effect of food

100
Q

What gender has a lower BMI?

A

women; because men typically have more lean body mass.

101
Q

BMR is high in short or tall people? Why?

A

tall because they have a larger surface area

102
Q

The body’s weight reflects its ___ (the proportions of its bone, muscle, fat, fluid, and other tissue)

A

composition

103
Q

The most variable tissues is ___

A

body fat

104
Q

__ is an index of a person’s weight in relation to height.

A

BMI (body mass index)

105
Q

BMI formula=

A

-weight (kg) divided by height (m)^2
OR
-weight (lb) divided by height (in)^2 x 703

106
Q

BMI ranges: underweight, healthy weight, overweight, and obese

A
  • underweight: below 18.5
  • healthy weight: 18.5 and 24.9
  • overweight: above 25
  • obese: over 30
107
Q
  • Fat that is stored within the abdominal cavity in association with the internal abdominal organs
  • Also called Subcutaneous fat
A

visceral fat

108
Q
  • Excess fat around the trunk of the body.

- also called “upper body fat”

A

central obesity

109
Q

Hormones released by adipose tissue

A

Adipokines

110
Q

A reason for why fat int he abdomen may increase the risk of disease involved ___

A

Adipokines

111
Q

Adipokines help to regulate ___ and energy metabolism in the tissues.

A

inflammation

112
Q

__ fat makers the “apple” profile of central obesity, and __ fat makes the “pear” shape around hips and thighs.

A
  • visceral

- subcutaneous

113
Q

A persons ___ ___ is a good indicator of fat distribution and central obesity.

A

waist circumference

114
Q

A clinical estimate of total body fatness in which the thickness of a fold of skin on the back of the arm, below the shoulder blade, or in other places is measured with a caliper.

A

skinfold measure

115
Q

Guidelines for Identifying those at risk for obesity relies on 3 indicators:

A
  1. a person’s BMI
  2. waist circumference
  3. a person’s disease risk profile

Nutrition Spring 2021 (4 decks)

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