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biology 1 lvl 1 > chapter 8 study guide > Flashcards

chapter 8 study guide Flashcards

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1
Q

What was Frederick Griffith investigating when he noticed only one type of bacterium killed the mice studied?

A

bacterium that cause pneumonia

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2
Q

Which type of bacterium killed the mice injected? Which bacterium did not?

A

S-type, R-type

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3
Q

What was Griffith’s conclusion after mice were injected with a combination of heat-killed S-type and live R-type bacterium, but still died?

A

Some type of “material” was transferred from the S-type to R-type

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4
Q

What did Griffith label this mystery material?

A

Transforming principle

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5
Q

What did Oswald Avery & his team add to bacterium extract to show DNA was the “transforming principle?

A

enzyme that specifically destroyed DNA

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6
Q

What type of virus did biologists Hershey and Chase use to prove that genetic material was made of DNA?

A

bacteriophage

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7
Q

To prove DNA was being transferred from virus to host, Hershey and Chase tagged DNA with what?

A

Radioactive phosphorus/radioactive isotopes

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8
Q

What are the monomers that make up a DNA molecule called? What are their three parts?

A

Nucleotides;
phosphate group, deoxyribose, nitrogen-containing base

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9
Q

How many nucleotides make up a molecule of DNA? What is their only difference?

A

Four,Their nitrogen-containing base

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10
Q

List the four nucleotides found in DNA?

A

Cytosine, Thymine, Adenine, Guanine

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11
Q

What was Chargaff’s major discovery?

A

DNA arrangement was different for different organisms

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12
Q

What type of scientists were Watson and Crick? What was there major discovery regarding DNA?

A

Geneticist and physicist, The 3-dimensional double helix structure of DNA

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13
Q

What type of bonds hold DNA together? What type of bonds hold nucleotide bases
together?

A

covalent bonds, hydrogen bonds

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14
Q

What term is given to the principle that DNA strands are complimentary?

A

Base-pairing rules

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15
Q

What can be figured out if the base sequence of one strand of the DNA double helix is known?

A

The sequence
of the other strand

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16
Q

What assurance does DNA replication provide for an organism?

A

That every cell has a complete set of
identical genetic information

17
Q

Name the only function of DNA?

A

Storing information

18
Q

What does the actual work of DNA replication?

A

Enzymes and other proteins

19
Q

What is the end result of the group of enzymes DNA polymerase “acting” on an “unzipped” DNA strand?

A

Two complete molecules of identical DNA

20
Q

Which type of bonds must be broken for DNA polymerase to “unzip” the double helix?

A

Hydrogen bonds

21
Q

What pairs with the exposed bases as the template strand “unzips”?

A

free nucleotides

22
Q

What happens when DNA polymerases bond the nucleotides together?

A

They form a new complementary
strand

23
Q

What is the end result of the DNA replication process?

A

Two identical molecules of DNA

24
Q

How fast does DNA replication happen? How long does complete replication take?

A

Very quickly, A few hours

25
Q

What function does DNA polymerase have to detect, remove, and replace nucleotide errors?

A

“proofreading”

26
Q

Who defined the central dogma of molecular biology?

A

Francis Crick

27
Q

In which way does information flow?

A

From DNA to RNA to proteins

28
Q

What does DNA transcription converts a DNA message into?

A

RNA

29
Q

Where does DNA translation occur in eukaryotes? What about replication and
transcription?

A

In the cytoplasm of the cell , In the nucleus

30
Q

What does RNA act as between DNA in the nucleus and protein synthesis in the cytoplasm?

A

An intermediate
link

31
Q

What is the main difference between RNA nucleotides and DNA nucleotides?

A

RNA has the base Uracil in place
of Thymine

32
Q

How many strands of nucleotides is RNA? How many is DNA?

A

Single strand,Double strand

33
Q

What is DNA transcription catalyzed by?

A

RNA polymerase

34
Q

List the three parts of Step 1 of DNA transcription.

A

RNA polymerase recognizes the transcription start site of a
gene; assembles on the DNA strand; unwinds a segment of the DNA molecule

35
Q

What are the three major types of RNA molecules? Which type delivers amino acids?

A

Messenger, Ribosomal, &Transfer, Transfer RNA

36
Q

What is the mRNA message converted into during DNA translation?

A

A polypeptide used to build proteins

37
Q

What does DNA coding provide the cell with instructions for?

A

How to use amino acids to build proteins

38
Q

What are the three types of codons used in the process of DNA translation?

A

Start, regular, and stop

39
Q

Where in the cell does the process of translating a codon into an amino acid occur?

A

The ribosome of a cell’s
cytoplasm

biology 1 lvl 1 (4 decks)

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