Chapter 8 - Socioemotional Development Flashcards
Initiative vs Guilt
First stage of Erik Erikson’s psychosocial stage.
Children take the initiative in doing tasks, failure to do so will cause guilt and lower self-esteem.
Self Understanding
Representation of the “self”. Recognizing that I am myself. Certain characteristics might be unique to me.
Understanding Others
Children are now able to distinguish psychological traits in others. They recognize that others are unique.
Expressing Emotion:
Self-Conscious Emotions
Aware that they are distinct from others and that they can feel certain emotions like: Pride, Shame, Embarassment, and Guilt.
Understanding Emotions
Children learn the cause and effects of emotions
Age 2-4: Increased terms to describe emotion (Sad, happy, angry)
Age 4-5: Reflection on emotion, awareness of differing emotions, must manage emotions.
EBP
Emotion-Based Prevention PRogram (EBP) Teachers ask students what a particular emotion is and how intense it is.
Regulating Emotions
How children handle their emotions.
2 Different Types of Parents: Emotion-coaching; Emotion-Dismissing
Emotion-Coaching Parents
Address their children’s emotions using scaffolding, praise, and a more nurturing environment.
Emotion-Dismissing Parents
Dismissive of their child’s emotions. Child is often left to handle their own emotions.
Emotion Regulation and Peer Relations
Emotion regulation play a big role in the success of a child’s peer relationships
Moral Development
thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding rules and conventions
about what people should do in their interactions with other people.
Moral Feelings
Superego: Formed by the desire to avoid anxiety and guilt caused by not following their parents. Creation of basic standards of right and wrong based on parents’ morals.
Moral Reasoning:
Types of Morality
2 Kinds:
Heteronomous Morality: Young children think that everyone is subjected to unchanging strict rules.
Autonomous Morality: Older children learn that rules are subjective and aren’t as strict.
Immanent Justice
If a crime has been committed/a rule has been broken, punishment will be immediate.
Moral Behavior
Early moral behavior is derived from conditioning.
Good behavior - awarded
Bad behavior - punished
Conscience
an internal regulation of standards of right and wrong.A
Gender
Characteristics of people as males and females.
Gender Identity
A sense of one’s own gender. (Knowledge, understanding, and acceptance of being male and female).
Gender roles
A set of expectations that prescribe how females or males should think, act, and feel.
Gender typing
Acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role.
Biological Influences in Gender
Chromosomes and Hormones
Chromosomes (Def;No.)
Humans have 46 total chromosomes. Each parent offering half (23 chromosomes) of their DNA.
Hormones
Estrogen/Estradiol; Adrogen/Testosterone.
Gonads (Testes, ovaries) produce these hormones.
The Evolutionary Psychology View
Males - short term, only need to pass on genes, many sexual partners.
Females - long term, require partners that can secure her and the offspring.
Social Influences
Social Role Theory - Alice Eagly; cultures and roles in society (Social Hierarchy).
Psychoanalytic Theory - Sigmund Freud; Oedipus & Electra complex, indentifies and mimics same-gender parent.
Social Cognitive Theory of Gender - Albert Bandura; Mimicking gender-appropriate behavior from others then are awarded or punished for it.
Parental Influences
Mother: more focused on her daughter. Taught to be more obedient and responsible.
Father: more focused on his son. Taught to be more intellectual, active, and engaging.
Peer Influences
Boys and girls will reward or punish those that act opposite from their own gender.
- Gender Composition of Children’s Group
- Around the age of 3, children know to select same-sex playmates and spend most of their early childhood with them. - Group Size
- At 5 years of age and onwards, boys are much more attracted to being a part of large groups than girls. - Interaction with Same-Sex Groups
- Boys engage in games that are quests for dominance to enhance their masculinity, and girls engage in a collaborative discourse where they talk and act reciprocally.
Cognitive Influences
Gender Schema Theory - gender typing emerges as children develop
gender schemas of their culture’s genderappropriate and gender-inappropriate
behavior.
Sandra Bem, 1981
Parenting
Balancing work and parent life.
Parenting Style
Diana Baumrind;
Authoritarian - Strict AF
Authoritative - Perfect :3
Neglectful - mama where? Lacking
Indulgent - Mama, u a bitch, gimme moneh
Issues of Punishment
- Uncontrollable stressful situation.
- Can instill fear, rage, avoidance.
- Tells what not to do and not what to do.
- Can be abusive.
Co-Parenting
Parents coordinate with each other to raise the kids.
Positive Co-parenting positively influences children’s behavior.
Types of Maltreatment
Physical Abuse - Infliction of injuries
Child Neglect - Failure to provide basic needs
Sexual Abuse - They touch his no-no square
Emotional Abuse - (psychological/verbal abuse/mental injury)
Who created the idea of Sibling Relationship and Birth Order
Alfred Adler
Sibling Relationships
Siblings are often very violent with each other. Constant competition with one another, yet, siblings can be very supportive with eachother.
Birth Order
Not a good indicator of behavior. However, it could explain a few general ideas.
The Changing Family in a Changing Society
Working Parents - children may get deattached to parents who are often not present.
Children in Divorced Families - Children under divorced parents are more likely to experience poverty, educational failure, early exposure to sexual activity, earlier marriage, and marital discord or divorce.
LGBTQIA+ Parents -
Sensorimotor Play
- A child joints in his/her visual and motor transactions by deriving their pleasure from - executing their sensorimotor schemes.
- Practice Play
- The practice of repeating new skills in order to achieve mastery over it.
- Pretense/symbolic play
- Usually, the child shifts the physical environment into a symbolic understanding and cognitive development. Roleplaying
- Social Play
- An expression of interest in interacting amongst the child’s peers.
- Constructive Play
- Coordination of sensorimotor and practice play when a child engages in a self-regulated situation.
Games
- Children at this age are more likely to indulge in games that vary from their own pleasure and interests.
Media/Screen Time
- Negative effects of the amount of time spent on TV, DVDs, computers, etc on children’s attention and development.
