Chapter 8 - Socioemotional Development

Question 1

Initiative vs Guilt

Answer 1

First stage of Erik Erikson’s psychosocial stage.

Children take the initiative in doing tasks, failure to do so will cause guilt and lower self-esteem.

Question 2

Self Understanding

Answer 2

Representation of the “self”. Recognizing that I am myself. Certain characteristics might be unique to me.

Question 3

Understanding Others

Answer 3

Children are now able to distinguish psychological traits in others. They recognize that others are unique.

Question 4

Expressing Emotion:
Self-Conscious Emotions

Answer 4

Aware that they are distinct from others and that they can feel certain emotions like: Pride, Shame, Embarassment, and Guilt.

Question 5

Understanding Emotions

Answer 5

Children learn the cause and effects of emotions

Age 2-4: Increased terms to describe emotion (Sad, happy, angry)

Age 4-5: Reflection on emotion, awareness of differing emotions, must manage emotions.

Question 6

EBP

Answer 6

Emotion-Based Prevention PRogram (EBP) Teachers ask students what a particular emotion is and how intense it is.

Question 7

Regulating Emotions

Answer 7

How children handle their emotions.
2 Different Types of Parents: Emotion-coaching; Emotion-Dismissing

Question 8

Emotion-Coaching Parents

Answer 8

Address their children’s emotions using scaffolding, praise, and a more nurturing environment.

Question 9

Emotion-Dismissing Parents

Answer 9

Dismissive of their child’s emotions. Child is often left to handle their own emotions.

Question 10

Emotion Regulation and Peer Relations

Answer 10

Emotion regulation play a big role in the success of a child’s peer relationships

Question 11

Moral Development

Answer 11

thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding rules and conventions
about what people should do in their interactions with other people.

Question 12

Moral Feelings

Answer 12

Superego: Formed by the desire to avoid anxiety and guilt caused by not following their parents. Creation of basic standards of right and wrong based on parents’ morals.

Question 13

Moral Reasoning:
Types of Morality

Answer 13

2 Kinds:
Heteronomous Morality: Young children think that everyone is subjected to unchanging strict rules.

Autonomous Morality: Older children learn that rules are subjective and aren’t as strict.

Question 14

Immanent Justice

Answer 14

If a crime has been committed/a rule has been broken, punishment will be immediate.

Question 15

Moral Behavior

Answer 15

Early moral behavior is derived from conditioning.

Good behavior - awarded
Bad behavior - punished

Question 16

Conscience

Answer 16

an internal regulation of standards of right and wrong.A

Question 17

Gender

Answer 17

Characteristics of people as males and females.

Question 18

Gender Identity

Answer 18

A sense of one’s own gender. (Knowledge, understanding, and acceptance of being male and female).

Question 19

Gender roles

Answer 19

A set of expectations that prescribe how females or males should think, act, and feel.

Question 20

Gender typing

Answer 20

Acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role.

Question 21

Biological Influences in Gender

Answer 21

Chromosomes and Hormones

Question 22

Chromosomes (Def;No.)

Answer 22

Humans have 46 total chromosomes. Each parent offering half (23 chromosomes) of their DNA.

Question 23

Hormones

Answer 23

Estrogen/Estradiol; Adrogen/Testosterone.
Gonads (Testes, ovaries) produce these hormones.

Question 24

The Evolutionary Psychology View

Answer 24

Males - short term, only need to pass on genes, many sexual partners.

Females - long term, require partners that can secure her and the offspring.

Question 25

Social Influences

Answer 25

Social Role Theory - Alice Eagly; cultures and roles in society (Social Hierarchy).

Psychoanalytic Theory - Sigmund Freud; Oedipus & Electra complex, indentifies and mimics same-gender parent.

Social Cognitive Theory of Gender - Albert Bandura; Mimicking gender-appropriate behavior from others then are awarded or punished for it.

Question 26

Parental Influences

Answer 26

Mother: more focused on her daughter. Taught to be more obedient and responsible.

Father: more focused on his son. Taught to be more intellectual, active, and engaging.

Question 27

Peer Influences

Answer 27

Boys and girls will reward or punish those that act opposite from their own gender.

1. Gender Composition of Children’s Group
   - Around the age of 3, children know to select same-sex playmates and spend most of their early childhood with them.
2. Group Size
   - At 5 years of age and onwards, boys are much more attracted to being a part of large groups than girls.
3. Interaction with Same-Sex Groups
   - Boys engage in games that are quests for dominance to enhance their masculinity, and girls engage in a collaborative discourse where they talk and act reciprocally.

Question 28

Cognitive Influences

Answer 28

Gender Schema Theory - gender typing emerges as children develop
gender schemas of their culture’s genderappropriate and gender-inappropriate
behavior.

Sandra Bem, 1981

Question 29

Parenting

Answer 29

Balancing work and parent life.

Question 30

Parenting Style

Answer 30

Diana Baumrind;

Authoritarian - Strict AF
Authoritative - Perfect :3
Neglectful - mama where? Lacking
Indulgent - Mama, u a bitch, gimme moneh

Question 31

Issues of Punishment

Answer 31

• Uncontrollable stressful situation.
• Can instill fear, rage, avoidance.
• Tells what not to do and not what to do.
• Can be abusive.

Question 32

Co-Parenting

Answer 32

Parents coordinate with each other to raise the kids.

Positive Co-parenting positively influences children’s behavior.

Question 33

Types of Maltreatment

Answer 33

Physical Abuse - Infliction of injuries
Child Neglect - Failure to provide basic needs
Sexual Abuse - They touch his no-no square
Emotional Abuse - (psychological/verbal abuse/mental injury)

Question 34

Who created the idea of Sibling Relationship and Birth Order

Answer 34

Alfred Adler

Question 35

Sibling Relationships

Answer 35

Siblings are often very violent with each other. Constant competition with one another, yet, siblings can be very supportive with eachother.

Question 36

Birth Order

Answer 36

Not a good indicator of behavior. However, it could explain a few general ideas.

Question 37

The Changing Family in a Changing Society

Answer 37

Working Parents - children may get deattached to parents who are often not present.

Children in Divorced Families - Children under divorced parents are more likely to experience poverty, educational failure, early exposure to sexual activity, earlier marriage, and marital discord or divorce.

LGBTQIA+ Parents -

Question 38

Sensorimotor Play

Answer 38

• A child joints in his/her visual and motor transactions by deriving their pleasure from - executing their sensorimotor schemes.

Question 39

2. Practice Play

Answer 39

• The practice of repeating new skills in order to achieve mastery over it.

Question 40

3. Pretense/symbolic play

Answer 40

• Usually, the child shifts the physical environment into a symbolic understanding and cognitive development. Roleplaying

Question 41

4. Social Play

Answer 41

• An expression of interest in interacting amongst the child’s peers.

Question 42

5. Constructive Play

Answer 42

• Coordination of sensorimotor and practice play when a child engages in a self-regulated situation.

Question 43

Games

Answer 43

• Children at this age are more likely to indulge in games that vary from their own pleasure and interests.

Question 44

Media/Screen Time

Answer 44

• Negative effects of the amount of time spent on TV, DVDs, computers, etc on children’s attention and development.