Chapter 10 - Late Childhood

Question 1

The social cognitive process involved in assuming the perspective of others and understanding their thoughts
and feelings.

Answer 1

Perspective taking

Question 2

Refers to global evaluations of the self; it is also called self-worth or self-image.

Answer 2

Self-esteem

Question 3

Refers to domain-specific evaluations of the self.

Answer 3

Self-concept

Question 4

Belief that one can master a situation and produce favorable outcomes.

Answer 4

Self-efficacy

Question 5

An increase capacity that characterized by deliberate efforts to manage one’s behavior, emotions, and thoughts,
leading to increased social competence and achievement.

Answer 5

Self-regulation

Question 5

An educational program that focuses on these aspects of social-emotional learning from pre-K through the eighth grade.

Answer 5

Second step

Question 6

An educational program that targets five core social and emotional learning domains.

Answer 6

Collaborative for Academic, Social, and Emotional Learning or CASEL

Question 7

Who proposed the second major perspective on moral development?

Answer 7

Lawrence Kohlberg

Question 8

The lowest level of moral reasoning that children interpret good and bad in terms of external rewards and punishments.

Answer 8

Preconventional reasoning

Question 9

Kohlberg’s theory of moral development where individuals abide by certain standards (internal), but they are the standards of others, such as parents or the laws of society and it is also called the second level of Kohlberg’s moral reasoning.

Answer 9

Conventional reasoning

Question 10

This is the third and highest level in Kohlberg’s theory. At this level, morality is more internal. Individuals engage in deliberate checks on their reasoning to ensure that it meets high ethical standards.

Answer 10

Postconventional reasoning

Question 11

A moral perspective that focuses on the rights of the individual and in which individuals independently make moral decisions.

Answer 11

Justice perspective

Question 12

The moral perspective of Carol Gilligan, which views people in terms of their connectedness with others and emphasizes interpersonal communication, relationships with others, and concern for others.

Answer 12

Care perspective

Question 13

A theory where children’s and adolescents’ moral, social conventional, and personal knowledge and reasoning
emerge from their attempts to understand and deal with different forms of social experience.

Answer 13

Domain theory of moral development

Question 14

This focuses on conventional rules that have been established by social consensus in order to control behavior and maintain the social system.

Answer 14

Social conventional reasoning

Question 15

A pattern of moral characteristics that is distinctively their own.

Answer 15

Moral personality

Question 16

A moral that individual has when moral notions and moral commitments are central to their lives.

Answer 16

Moral identity

Question 17

A kind of moral that a person which has the willpower, desire, and integrity to stand up to pressure, overcome distractions and disappointments, and behave morally.

Answer 17

Moral character

Question 18

A moral that individual has which their moral personality, identity, character, and set of virtues reflect moral excellence and commitment.

Answer 18

Moral exemplars

Question 19

A notion reflect which are broad categories that reflect general impressions and beliefs about females and males.

Answer 19

Gender stereotypes

Question 20

Children who are frequently nominated as a best friend and are rarely disliked by their peers.

Answer 20

Popular children

Question 21

Children who receive an average number of both positive and negative nominations from peers.

Answer 21

Average children

Question 22

hildren who are infrequently nominated as a best friend but are not disliked by their peers.

Answer 22

Neglected children

Question 23

Children who are infrequently nominated as a best friend and are actively disliked by their peers.

Answer 23

Rejected children

Question 24

Children who are frequently nominated both as a best friend and as being disliked by their peers.

Answer 24

Controversial children

Question 25

Friendship provides children with a familiar partner and playmate, someone who is willing to spend time with them and join in collaborative activities.

Answer 25

Companionship

Question 26

Friendship provides children with interesting information, excitement, and amusement.

Answer 26

Stimulation

Question 27

Friendship provides resources and assistance.

Answer 27

Physical support

Question 28

Friendship provides the expectation of support, encouragement, and feedback, which helps children maintain an impression of themselves as competent, attractive, and worthwhile individuals.

Answer 28

Ego support

Question 29

Friendship provides information about where the child stands vis-à-vis others and whether the child is doing okay.

Answer 29

Social comparison

Question 30

Friendship provides children with a warm, close, trusting relationship with another individual.

Answer 30

Affection and intimacy

Question 31

A learner-centered approach that emphasizes the importance of individuals actively constructing their knowledge and understanding with guidance from the teacher.

Answer 31

Constructivist approach

Question 32

Teacher-centered approach that is characterized by teacher direction and control, high teacher expectations for students’ progress, maximum time spent by students on academic tasks, and efforts by the teacher to keep negative affect to a minimum.

Answer 32

Direct instruction approach