Chapter 8: Social Processes, Attitudes, and Behaviours Flashcards
____________________: the concept of self is made up of both the intrapersonal self, the ideas that individuals have regarding their own abilities, traits, and beliefs, and the interpersonal self, the manner in which others influence creation of the ideal self.
Michelangelo phenomenon
Max Weber attempted to understand and describe ______________, which he defined as actions and behaviours that individuals are performing or modulating because others are around.
Social action
Social action should be contrasted with _______________.
Social interaction
It’s been observed that people tend to perform better on simple tasks when in the presence of others. This tendency is known as ________________, and it supports the idea that people naturally exhibit a performance response when they know they are being watched.
Social facilitation
According to the _______________________, being in the presence of others significantly raise arousal, which enhances the ability to perform tasks one is already good at, and hinders the performance oof less familiar tasks.
Yerkes-Dodson law of social facilitation
Tasks one is already good at are called _______________.
Simple tasks
Tasks one is less familiar with are called ______________.
Complex tasks
An expert pianist may perform better in concert than when alone in practice sessions. However, someone with very limited knowledge of music would perform worse in a social setting than when alone. This is an example of ________________________.
Yerkes-Dodson law of social facilitation
________________ describes the loss of one’s self-awareness in a group setting and the associated adoption of a more group orientated identity.
Deindividuation
Deindividuation is sometimes called ______________, as the individuals of the group lose their own sense of morals and judgment and follow along with the actions of the group.
Mob mentality
Applied to the real world, deindividuation often leads to _________________, that is, behaviour not socially acceptable in most social circumstances; behaviour “against the norm.”
Antinormative behaviour
The _______________ is another observed phenomenon that occurs in social groups wherein individuals do not intervene to assist those who are in perceived need when other people are present.
Bystander effect
______________ refers to the tendency of individuals to reduce effort when in a group setting.
Social loafing
From a sociology perspective, __________ are individuals who are regarded as equal within a social group.
Peers
________________ refers to the social influence placed on an individual by one’s peers.
Peer pressure
Stress and the presence of peers can lead to poor choices and potentially facilitate _____________ such as binge eating, reckless driving, and violent activities.
Risky behaviours
Changes beliefs or behaviour due to peer pressure can be explained by the __________________. When an individual’s state of harmony is disrupted by a threat of social rejection, the individual will often conform to the norms of the group.
Identity shift effect
The identity shift effect highlights a larger theme in psychology: _________________, the simultaneous presence of two opposing thoughts or opinion.
Cognitive dissonance
________________’s conformity experiment showed that individuals will often conform to an opinion held by the group. In this experiment, male college students participated in simple tasks of perception.
Solomon Asch
In contrast to social action, ________________ explores the ways in which two or more individuals can both shape each other’s behaviour.
Social interaction
_________________ describes the tendency for groups to collaboratively make decisions that are more extreme than the individual ideas and inclinations of the members within the group.
Group polarization
The hypothesis underlying polarization is that initial ideas tend not to be extreme, but that through discussion within the group, these ideas tend to become more and more extreme. This concept was originally termed ______________ because it was noted that groups tended to make riskier decisions than individuals.
Risky shift
When psychologists began to realize that groups in group polarization could also shift toward caution, the term became _______________.
Choice shift
______________ refers specifically to measured changes in decisions before and after group interaction, whereas __________________ refers more generally to the tendency of a group to move to more extreme conclusions and decisions as a result of interaction.
- Choice shift
- Group polarization
______________ refers to a social phenomenon in which desire for harmony or conformity results in a group of people coming to an incorrect or poor decision.
Groupthink
Indicative of groupthink:
- _________________________: Members encourage risks, ignore possible pitfalls and are too optimistic.
Illusion of invulnerability
Indicative of groupthink:
- _____________________: Members ignore expressed concerns about group approved ideas.
Collective rationalization
Indicative of groupthink:
- __________________: Members believe ideas produced by the group are morally correct, disregarding evidence to the contrary.
Illusion of morality
Indicative of groupthink:
- _________________: Members construct stereotypes of those expressing outside opinions.
Excessive stereotyping
Indicative of groupthink:
- ___________________: Members feel pressured not to express opinions that disagree with the group, and view opposition as disloyal.
Pressure for conformity
Indicative of groupthink:
- _________________: members withhold ideas and opinions that disagree with the group.
Self-censorship
Indicative of groupthink:
- ____________________: Members believe the decisions and judgments of the group to be without disagreement, even if it does exist.
Illusion of unanimity
Indicative of groupthink:
- ________________: Some members may decide to take on role protecting the group against opposing views.
Mindguards
_____________ studied the effect of extreme stress on group cohesiveness and its resulting effect on groupthink.
Irving Janis
A ________ is a behaviour that is transiently viewed as popular and desirable by a large community.
Fad
______________ refers to a shared, intense concern about the threats to society.
Mass hysteria
____________ can be defined as the beliefs, behaviours, actions, and characteristics of a group or society of people.
Culture
When traveling outside of one’s own society, these cultural differences can seem quite dramatic and are often referred to as ______________.
Culture shock
Cultural _______________ is the process by which an individual’s or group’s behaviour and culture begin two resemble that of another group.
Assimilation
One alternative to assimilation is the creation of ______________, which are locations (usually neighbourhoods) with a high concentration of one specific ethnicity.
Ethnic enclaves
________________, also known as _________________, refers to communities or societies containing multiple cultures or ethnic groups.
- Multiculturalism
- Cultural diversity
