Chapter 5: Motivation, Emotion, and Stress Flashcards
_____________ is the purpose, or driving force, behind our actions.
Motivation
_________________ can include rewards for showing a desired behaviour or avoiding punishment if the desired behaviour is not achieved.
Extrinsic motivation
Motivation that comes within oneself is referred to as _________________.
Intrinsic motivation
Early attempts to understand the basis of motivation focused on ______________, which are innate, fixed patterns of behaviour.
Instincts
According to the _____________ of motivation, certain behaviours are based on evolutionarily programmed instincts.
Instinct theory
Another factor that influences motivation is ____________, the psychological and physiological state of being awake and reactive to stimuli.
Arousal
_____________ states that people perform actions in order to maintain an optimal level of arousal: seeking to increase arousal when its falls below their optimal level, and to decrease arousal when it rises above their optimum level.
Arousal theory
The ________________ postulates a U-shaped function between the level of arousal and performance. It states that performance is worst at extremely high and low levels of arousal and optimal at some intermediate level.
Yerkes-Dodson law
___________ are defined as internal states of tension that activate particular behaviours focused on goals.
Drives
________________, including the need for food, water and warmth, motivate us to sustain bodily processes in homeostasis.
Primary drives
_______________ is the regulation of the internal envrionment to maintain an optimal, stable set of conditions.
Homeostasis
Homeostasis is usually controlled by the ________________ loops.
Negative feedback
Additional drives that are not directly related to biological processes are called ________________.
Secondary drives
__________________ explains that motivation is based on the goal of eliminating uncomfortable states.
Drive reduction theory
In need-based theories of motivation, energy and resources are allocated to best satisfy human needs. These needs may be ______________, which are generally physiological needs such as the need for food, water, sleep, and shelter.
Primary needs
The needs might be _______________, which are generally mental states, like a desire for power, achievement, or social belonging.
Secondary needs
Abraham Maslow defined __________ as relatively long-lasting feelings that require relief or satisfaction and tend to influence action.
Needs
Abraham Maslow observed that certain needs will yield a greater influence on our motivation and he established what is referred to as ____________________.
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
The highest level of pyramid corresponds to _________________, or the need to realize one’s fullest potential.
Self-actualization
Another need-based motivation theory is the ___________________ (_______), which emphasizes the role of three universal needs: autonomy, the need to be in control of one’s actions and ideas; competence, the need to complete and excel at difficult tasks; and relatedness, the need to feel accepted and wanted in relationships.
Self-determination theory (SDT)
_______________ explains that behaviour is motivated not by need or arousal, but by the desire to pursue rewards and to avoid punishments.
Incentive theory
___________________ states that the amount of motivation needed to reach a goal is the result of both the individual’s expectation of success in reaching the goal and the degree to which the individual values succeeding at the goal.
Expectancy-value theory
A theory of motivation that explains continuous drug use is the _________________.
Opponent process theory
___________________ explains that when a drug is taken repeatedly, the body will attempt to counteract the effects of the drug by changing its physiology.
Opponent-process theory
Opponent-process theory can also explain _______________, a decrease in perceived drug effect over time.
Tolerance
____________ is a natural instinctive state of mind derived from one’s circumstances, mood, for relationships with others.
Emotion
When a feeling is first experienced, arousal is stimulated by the autonomic nervous system. The _________________ of an emotion includes changes in heart rate, breathing rate, skin temperature, and blood pressure.
Physiological response
The __________________ of an emotion includes facial expressions and body language.
Behaviour response
The ________________ of emotion is the subjective interpretation of the feeling being experienced.
The cognitive response
In accordance with Darwin’s thoughts on universal emotion, the __________________ states that everything we do, think, and feel is based on specialized functional programs designed for any problem we encounter.
Evolutionary perspective
According to the ___________________, a stimulus results first in physiological arousal, which leads to a secondary response in which the emotion is labeled.
James-Lange theory of emotion
The ____________________ states that the conscious experience of emotion and physiological arousal occur simultaneously, and then the behavioural component of emotion (i.e., action follows: I see a snake, so I feel afraid and my heart is racing… Let me out of here!
Cannon-Bard theory of emotion
The Cannon-Bard theory fails two explain the _______________, a cranial nerve that functions as a feedback system, conveying information from the peripheral organs back to the central nervous system.
Vagus nerve
The ______________________, also termed the __________________ or the __________________, which states that two factors (physiological arousal and a cognitive label) are needed to experience emotion.
- Schachter-Singer theory of emotion
- Cognitive arousal theory
- Two-factory theory
According to the ____________________, physiological arousal alone is insufficient to elicit an emotional response. To feel an emotion, the mind must also identify the environmental stimulus causing the physiological arousal: I am excited because my heart is racing and everyone else is happy.
- Schachter-Singer theory of emotion
- Cognitive arousal theory
- Two-factor theory
Experiencing emotion is a complex process involving many parts of the brain. The most notable of these circuits is the ________________, a complex sett of structures that reside below the cerebrum on either side of the thalamus.
Limbic system
The ______________ is made up of the amygdala, thalamus, hypothalamus, hippocampus and fornix, septal nuclei, and parts of the cerebral cortex; it plays a large role in both motivation and emotion.
Limbic system
The _____________ is a small round structure that signals the cortex about stimuli related to attention and emotions.
Amygdala
The ______________ is associated with fear and also plays a role in human emotion through interpretation of facial expression.
Amygdala
The ____________ functions as a preliminary sensory processing station and routes information to the cortex and other appropriate areas of the brain.
Thalamus
The _______________, located below the thalamus, synthesizes and releases a variety of neurotransmitters. It serves many homeostatic functions, and is involved in modulating emotion.
Hypothalamus
The ________________, within the temporal lobe, is primarily involved in creating long-term memories.
Hippocampus
When an emotion is experienced, sensory systems transmit this information into both the explicit memory system, primarily controlled by the _______________ in the medial temporal lobe, and the implicit memory system, controlled by the ______________.
- Hippocampus
- Amygdala
The unconscious (implicit) memory is referred to as _______________; this is the storage of the actual feelings of emotion associated with an event.
Emotional memory
____________ memory of the emotion produces a conscious memory of the experience, and ___________ memory determines the expression of past emotions.
- Explicit memory
- Implicit memory
The ______________ is the anterior portion of the frontal lobes and is associated with planning intricate cognitive functions, expressing personality, and making decisions.
Prefrontal cortex
The _______________ receives arousal input from the brainstem, coordinating arousal and cognitive states.
Prefrontal cortex
The __________________ cortex is associated with attention and cognition.
Dorsal prefrontal cortex
The ________________ cortex connects with regions of the brain responsible for experiencing emotion.
Ventral prefrontal cortex
The ___________________ cortex is thought to play a substantial role in decision making and controlling emotional responses from the amygdala.
Ventromedial prefrontal cortex
__________________ is the subjective evaluation of a situation that induces stress.
Cognitive appraisal
Stage 1, or ______________, is the initial evaluation of the environment and the associated threat.
Primary appraisal
If primary appraisal reveals a threat, stage 2 appraisal begins. ________________ is directed at evaluating whether the organisms can cope with the stress.
Second appraisal
The __________________ involves the evaluation of three things: harm, or damage caused by the event; threat, or the potential for future damage caused by the event; and challenge, or the potential to overcome and possibly benefit from the event.
Secondary appraisal
Some situations require ongoing monitoring of harm, threat, and challenge through constant _______________, such as the perception of being followed.
Reappraisal
A _____________ is a biological element, external condition, or event that leads to a stress response.
Stressor
____________ occurs when a stressor is perceived as unpleasant (e.g., a threat).
Distress
__________ is the result of a positively-perceived stressor (e.g., a challenge).
Eustress
Stress level can be measured in “life changing units” in a system called the ________________________.
Social readjustment rating scale
______________ conflict refers to the need to choose between two desirable options.
Approach-approach conflict
_______________ conflicts are choices between two negative options.
Avoidance-avoidance conflicts
________________ conflicts deal with only one choice, goal, or event, but the outcome could have both positive and negative elements.
Approach-avoidance conflicts
While a job promotion might mean more money or status, it also comes with increased responsibility, potential for longer working hours, and increased pressure. This is an example of ________________ conflict.
Approach-avoidance conflict
The sequence of physiological responses developed by Hans Selye is called the ____________________ and consists of three distinct stages: alarm, resistance, exhaustion.
General adaptation syndrome
The first stage of the general adaptation syndrome is __________, or the initial reaction to a stressor and the activation of the sympathetic nervous system.
Alarm
The second stage of the general adaptation syndrome is _____________, in which the continuous release of hormones allows the sympathetic nervous system to remain engaged to fight the stressor.
Resistance
The last stage of the general adaptation syndrome is _____________, in which the body can no longer maintain an elevated response with sympathetic nervous system activity.
Exhaustion
________________ strategies involve working to overcome a stressor, such as reaching out to family and friends for social support, confronting the issue head-on, and creating and following a plan of problem-solving actions.
Problem-focused strategies
__________________ strategies center on changing one’s feelings about a stressor.
Emotionally focused strategies
