Chapter 8 Skeletal Tissues Flashcards
Cancellous/spongy bone
Bone containing tiny, branchlike trabeculae
Chondrocyte
Cartilage cell
Compact bone
Dense bone; contains structural units called osteons or Haversian systems.
Diaphysis
Shaft of a long bone. Hollow cylinder of compact bone. *strong support
Epiphysis
End of a long bone. (Enlarged) shape is important for fitting at joints and tendon attachment.
- location of red marrow
- epiphyseal plate
- mostly cancellous bone filled with red marrow.
- makes all blood cells.
Ossification
Bone formation.
Osteocyte
Bone cell.
Osteoblast
Bone-forming cell.
Osteoclast
Bone-absorbing cell.
Osteomyelitis
Bacterial infection of bone tissue. Usually staphylococcal.
The 5 different functions of bone…
- Support. Shape, alignment and positioning of body parts.
- Protection. Skull, rib cage, vertebrae *defensive injuries
- Movement. Along with skeletal muscles and joints.
- Mineral storage. Calcium and phosphorus.
- Hematopoiesis. Blood cell formation in myeloid tissue(red bone marrow).
Articular cartilage
(Long bone) thin layer of cartilage covering joint surfaces.
*cushions movement at joints and makes a smooth surface.
Periosteum
(Long bone) fibrous covering of the bone, penetrates into bone.
- attaches tendons to bone, contains blood vessels.
- contains bone forming/destroying cells. Crucial to bone maintenance and repair.
Medullary cavity
Hollow area in diaphysis filled with yellow marrow. (Adipose tissue)
Endosteum
Epithelial lining of medullary cavity.
Diagram of long bone (parts to identify)
Ask if external or internal anatomy!!
What minerals (inorganic parts) are most abundant in bone matrix?
Inorganic salts- hydroxyapatite (calcium & phosphate crystals). Also some magnesium and sodium.
Identify parts of an osteon on a diagram.
Lamella Lacunae Canaliculi Central canal Transverse or volkmanns canals
Lamellae
Concentric layers of calcified matrix.
Lacunae
Spaces where bone cells live.
Canaliculi
Tunnels through bone connecting bone cells to their blood supply in the Haversian canal.
Central canal
Also called Haversian canal.
Contains nerves and blood vessels. It provides nutrients, oxygen, and takes away waste.
Transverse or Volkmann’s canals
Horizontal connections between central (Haversian) canals.
What are the most common locations and functions of myeloid tissue?
Function: site of blood cell production.
Locations: found in the medullary cavities of certain long bones and in the spaces of spongy bone in some areas. Ribs, vertebrae, ends of humerus and femur, pelvis.
Calcitonin
Stimulates osteoblasts (makes bones stronger) to remove calcium from blood and make bone stronger. Produced by the thyroid gland.
Parathyroid hormone
Stimulates osteoclasts (makes bones weaker) causes calcium into blood by kidneys, synthesis of vitamin d to absorb more calcium from food.
Comes from parathyroid gland.
*most critical factor in homeostasis of blood calcium.
What are the many functions of calcium in the body?
Strong bones and teeth
Blood clotting
Nerve and muscle function
Intramembranous ossification
Process by which most flat bones are formed within connective tissue membranes.
Endochondral ossification
Process by which bones are formed by replacement of cartilage models.
What is the typical location of the epiphyseal plate in a typical long bone?
Between the epiphysis and the diaphysis. -from glossary
Located in the ends of bone near junction of epiphysis and diaphysis. - from notes
Bone remodeling continues…
Throughout life!
What makes bone stronger and more dense?
Physical activity/exercise. It stimulates ossification and calcium deposits in bones.
What things make bone weaker and less dense?
Older age
Lack of exercise
What are the steps in bone repair after a fracture?
- Fracture hematoma
- Granulation tissue forms containing blood vessels, cartilage, and bone forming cells.
- Callus forms from cartilage and then fills in with bone.
- Bone remodeling
Bone vs cartilage
Bone. Cartilage.
Osteocytes. Chondrocytes.
Good blood supply. Poor blood supply.
Heals well. Heals poorly.
Hyaline cartilage
Most abundant. Has a “glassy” appearance.
Location: articulate surfaces of bones, costal cartilage, tracheal and bronchial rings, tip of nose.
Elastic cartilage
Fewer collagen fibers, more elastic fibers
Location: outer ear, epiglottis
Fibrocartilage
Has little matrix and lots of protein fibers.
Location: strong and rigid; pubic symphysis and intervertebral disks.
What are the functions of cartilage?
Shock absorbing
Flexible yet strong
Keeps passages open (trachea)-
Allow bone growth (endochondral ossification)
Describe the causes and effects of osteoporosis. ESSAY!!!!
Causes: most likely cause is loss of sex hormones with age.
Effects: excessive loss of calcified matrix, bone mineral, and collagen fibers, reduction in total bone mass.
Spontaneous fractures are common, pathological spine curvature.
