Chapter 8 Skeletal Tissues

Question 1

Cancellous/spongy bone

Answer 1

Bone containing tiny, branchlike trabeculae

Question 2

Chondrocyte

Answer 2

Cartilage cell

Question 3

Compact bone

Answer 3

Dense bone; contains structural units called osteons or Haversian systems.

Question 4

Diaphysis

Answer 4

Shaft of a long bone. Hollow cylinder of compact bone. *strong support

Question 5

Epiphysis

Answer 5

End of a long bone. (Enlarged) shape is important for fitting at joints and tendon attachment.

• location of red marrow
• epiphyseal plate
• mostly cancellous bone filled with red marrow.
• makes all blood cells.

Question 6

Ossification

Answer 6

Bone formation.

Question 7

Osteocyte

Answer 7

Bone cell.

Question 8

Osteoblast

Answer 8

Bone-forming cell.

Question 9

Osteoclast

Answer 9

Bone-absorbing cell.

Question 10

Osteomyelitis

Answer 10

Bacterial infection of bone tissue. Usually staphylococcal.

Question 11

The 5 different functions of bone…

Answer 11

1. Support. Shape, alignment and positioning of body parts.
2. Protection. Skull, rib cage, vertebrae *defensive injuries
3. Movement. Along with skeletal muscles and joints.
4. Mineral storage. Calcium and phosphorus.
5. Hematopoiesis. Blood cell formation in myeloid tissue(red bone marrow).

Question 12

Articular cartilage

Answer 12

(Long bone) thin layer of cartilage covering joint surfaces.

*cushions movement at joints and makes a smooth surface.

Question 13

Periosteum

Answer 13

(Long bone) fibrous covering of the bone, penetrates into bone.

• attaches tendons to bone, contains blood vessels.
• contains bone forming/destroying cells. Crucial to bone maintenance and repair.

Question 14

Medullary cavity

Answer 14

Hollow area in diaphysis filled with yellow marrow. (Adipose tissue)

Question 15

Endosteum

Answer 15

Epithelial lining of medullary cavity.

Question 16

Diagram of long bone (parts to identify)

Answer 16

Ask if external or internal anatomy!!

Question 17

What minerals (inorganic parts) are most abundant in bone matrix?

Answer 17

Inorganic salts- hydroxyapatite (calcium & phosphate crystals). Also some magnesium and sodium.

Question 18

Identify parts of an osteon on a diagram.

Answer 18

Lamella 
Lacunae
Canaliculi 
Central canal
Transverse or volkmanns canals

Question 19

Lamellae

Answer 19

Concentric layers of calcified matrix.

Question 20

Lacunae

Answer 20

Spaces where bone cells live.

Question 21

Canaliculi

Answer 21

Tunnels through bone connecting bone cells to their blood supply in the Haversian canal.

Question 22

Central canal

Answer 22

Also called Haversian canal.

Contains nerves and blood vessels. It provides nutrients, oxygen, and takes away waste.

Question 23

Transverse or Volkmann’s canals

Answer 23

Horizontal connections between central (Haversian) canals.

Question 24

What are the most common locations and functions of myeloid tissue?

Answer 24

Function: site of blood cell production.
Locations: found in the medullary cavities of certain long bones and in the spaces of spongy bone in some areas. Ribs, vertebrae, ends of humerus and femur, pelvis.

Question 25

Calcitonin

Answer 25

Stimulates osteoblasts (makes bones stronger) to remove calcium from blood and make bone stronger. Produced by the thyroid gland.

Question 26

Parathyroid hormone

Answer 26

Stimulates osteoclasts (makes bones weaker) causes calcium into blood by kidneys, synthesis of vitamin d to absorb more calcium from food.
Comes from parathyroid gland.
*most critical factor in homeostasis of blood calcium.

Question 27

What are the many functions of calcium in the body?

Answer 27

Strong bones and teeth
Blood clotting
Nerve and muscle function

Question 28

Intramembranous ossification

Answer 28

Process by which most flat bones are formed within connective tissue membranes.

Question 29

Endochondral ossification

Answer 29

Process by which bones are formed by replacement of cartilage models.

Question 30

What is the typical location of the epiphyseal plate in a typical long bone?

Answer 30

Between the epiphysis and the diaphysis. -from glossary

Located in the ends of bone near junction of epiphysis and diaphysis. - from notes

Question 31

Bone remodeling continues…

Answer 31

Throughout life!

Question 32

What makes bone stronger and more dense?

Answer 32

Physical activity/exercise. It stimulates ossification and calcium deposits in bones.

Question 33

What things make bone weaker and less dense?

Answer 33

Older age

Lack of exercise

Question 34

What are the steps in bone repair after a fracture?

Answer 34

1. Fracture hematoma
2. Granulation tissue forms containing blood vessels, cartilage, and bone forming cells.
3. Callus forms from cartilage and then fills in with bone.
4. Bone remodeling

Question 35

Bone vs cartilage

Answer 35

Bone. Cartilage.
Osteocytes. Chondrocytes.
Good blood supply. Poor blood supply.
Heals well. Heals poorly.

Question 36

Hyaline cartilage

Answer 36

Most abundant. Has a “glassy” appearance.

Location: articulate surfaces of bones, costal cartilage, tracheal and bronchial rings, tip of nose.

Question 37

Elastic cartilage

Answer 37

Fewer collagen fibers, more elastic fibers

Location: outer ear, epiglottis

Question 38

Fibrocartilage

Answer 38

Has little matrix and lots of protein fibers.

Location: strong and rigid; pubic symphysis and intervertebral disks.

Question 39

What are the functions of cartilage?

Answer 39

Shock absorbing
Flexible yet strong
Keeps passages open (trachea)-
Allow bone growth (endochondral ossification)

Question 40

Describe the causes and effects of osteoporosis. ESSAY!!!!

Answer 40

Causes: most likely cause is loss of sex hormones with age.

Effects: excessive loss of calcified matrix, bone mineral, and collagen fibers, reduction in total bone mass.
Spontaneous fractures are common, pathological spine curvature.