Chapter 8 Review

Question 1

What is the definition of logic?

Answer 1

Logic is the science of right thinking

Question 2

What are the two main branches of logic

Answer 2

formal or “minor” logic; material or “major” logic

Question 3

Define truth

Answer 3

correspondence to reality

Question 4

Define validity

Answer 4

when the conclusion follows logically from the premises

Question 5

Define soundness

Answer 5

when all the premises are true and the argument is valid

Question 6

What is the purpose of formal logic?

Answer 6

to lead us from one truth to another

Question 7

List the three acts of the mind involved in logic and their corresponding verbal expressions.

Answer 7

Simple apprehension - term; judgement - proposition (or statement); deductive inference - syllogism

Question 8

What are the three things associated with simple apprehension?

Answer 8

sense perception; mental image; concept

Question 9

Give a definition of sense perception

Answer 9

the act of seeing or hearing or smelling or tasting or touching

Question 10

Give the definition of mental image

Answer 10

the image of an object formed in the mind as a result of a sense perception of that object

Question 11

Give the definition of simple apprehension

Answer 11

an act by which the mind grasps the concept or general meaning of an object without affirming or denying anything about it

Question 12

List the three acts of the mind involved in logic and their corresponding verbal expressions.

Answer 12

Simple apprehension - term; judgement - proposition (or statement); deductive inference - syllogism

Question 13

Name the five elements represented by a concept

Answer 13

substance, material, living, sentient, rational

Question 14

What is the extension concept ‘man’?

Answer 14

all the men there are, ever were, and ever will be

Question 15

How do you find the comprehension of a concept?

Answer 15

List the notes (or Porphyrian Tree categories)

Question 16

What is the relationship between extension and comprehension?

Answer 16

the greater the comprehension a concept has, the less extension it has; and the more extension it has, the less comprehension

Question 17

What does sentient mean?

Answer 17

it has senses such as sight, hearing, etc.

Question 18

What does material mean?

Answer 18

it has a body, rather than being purely spiritual - like angels

Question 19

What does substance mean?

Answer 19

It is something rather than nothing

Question 20

What are the two properties of terms

Answer 20

signification and supposition

Question 21

Give a definition of term

Answer 21

a word or group of words that verbally expresses a concept

Question 22

What are three ways terms can be divided according to signification?

Answer 22

univocal terms; equivocal terms; analogous terms

Question 23

What are univocal terms?

Answer 23

terms that have exactly the same meaning no matter when or how they are used

Question 24

What are equivocal terms?

Answer 24

terms that, although spelled and pronounced exacly alike, have entirely different and unrelated meanings

Question 25

What are analogous terms?

Answer 25

terms that are applied to different things, but have related meanings

Question 26

What is material supposition?

Answer 26

the use of a term according to its verbal existence

Question 27

What is logical supposition?

Answer 27

the use of a term according to its mental or logical existence

Question 28

What is real supposition?

Answer 28

the use of a term according to its real or actual existence

Question 29

What is the definition of judgement?

Answer 29

the act by which the intellect unites by affirming, or separates by denying

Question 30

What does a judgment unite (or separate)?

Answer 30

judgement unites or separates two concepts

Question 31

What is the definition of proposition?

Answer 31

a sentence that expresses truth or falsity

Question 32

What are three elements of any proposition?

Answer 32

the subject-term; the predicate-term; the copula

Question 33

Explain what the subject-term is

Answer 33

the verbal expression of the subject of a judgement

Question 34

Explain with the predicate-term is

Answer 34

the verbal expression of the predicate of a judgement

Question 35

Explain what the copula is

Answer 35

the word in the proposition that connects or relates the subject to the predicate

Question 36

What are the four components of a proposition?

Answer 36

quantifier, subject-term, predicate-term, copula

Question 37

Name and describe the four basic types of statements

Answer 37

A: All S is P; I: Some is is P; E: No S is P; O: Some S is not P

Question 38

The quality of a proposition has to do with whether it is __ or \_\_.

Answer 38

affirmative; negative

Question 39

What type of statements are said to be affirmative?

Answer 39

sentences that affirm something to be true about the subject; A and I statements

Question 40

What type of statements are said to be negative?

Answer 40

sentences that deny something about the subject; E and O statements

Question 41

The quantity of a proposition is either ___ or \_\_\_.

Answer 41

universal; particular

Question 42

What type of statements are said to be universal

Answer 42

statements that confirm or deny something about all the members in a group; A and E

Question 43

What type of statements are said to be particular

Answer 43

statements that confirm or deny something about only some of the members in a group; I and O

Question 44

What are the two kinds of relationship statements can have to one another.

Answer 44

opposition; equivalence

Question 45

What are the four ways A, I, E, and O statements can be related to one another in opposition

Answer 45

contradictory, contrary, subcontrary, subalternate

Question 46

Which two pairs of statements are contradictory?

Answer 46

A and O; E and I

Question 47

Which types of statements are contrary?

Answer 47

A and E

Question 48

Which types of statements are subcontrary?

Answer 48

I and O

Question 49

Which types of statements are subalternate

Answer 49

A and I; E and O

Question 50

Give the Subject-term and predicate-term for each type of statement

Answer 50

A - distributed (d) - undistributed (u); I- undistributed (u) - undistributed (u); E - distributed (d) - distributed (d); O - undistributed (u) - distributed (d)

Question 51

What are the three aspects of logic?

Answer 51

apprehension, judgment, and deductive inference