Chapter 8 Review Flashcards
Explain the structure of the skeletal muscles
E: Epimysium- outermost layer
P: Perimysium- connective tissue surrounding fascicles (bundles of muscle fibers)
E: Endomysium: connective tissue
B: Basal Lamina
Explain the Sliding Filament/Swinging Lever-Arm model
- Created by Andrew Huxley
- It explains how muscles contract by interacting with actin and myosin filaments.
- Myosin attach to actin and pull them inward using ATP, thus shortening the muscle. This process repeats, causing the muscle to contract.
- When stimulation stops, the filaments slide back and the muscle relaxes
Explain the roles of troponin and tropomyosin
They regulate muscular contraction by controlling the interaction of actin and myosin
Explain the relationship between exercise intensity and muscle fatigue
- Higher-intensity exercise demands more energy, rapidly depleting muscle glycogen and increasing lactate, which leads to muscle fatigue
- As fatigue sets in, muscle performance declines due to metabolic stress and reduced ATP availability
- Proper recovery and conditioning helps delay fatigue and improve endurance
Explain the relationship between electrolyte imbalances and exercise
- Imbalances occur when minerals (sodium, potassium, calcium) are too high or too low. Sweating in exercise leads to electrolyte losses which disrupt muscle contraction, nerve signaling, and hydration levels
- Severe imbalances cause cramps, weakness, and dizziness, which affects performance and recovery
What are the Force Regulation factors
- Number and type of muscle fibers
- Initial length of the muscle
- Nature of the neural stimulation
- Contractile history of the muscle
Define concentric
The muscle is activated and shortens
Define eccentric
The muscle is activated and force is produced by the muscle lengthen
Define tetanus
Contractions that are blended in a single, sustained contraction
Explain the concept of Exercise-induced cramps
- It stems from excessive motor neurons firing in the spinal cord, not the muscles. Stimulating sensory nerves in the mouth with natural spices (ginger) can inhibit these overactive neurons.
- Suggests an approach to cramp prevention
