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BMSC 200 > Chapter 8 + Quiz Questions > Flashcards

Chapter 8 + Quiz Questions Flashcards

1
Q

What are 3 structural characteristics of lipids?

A
  1. Insolubility in water.
  2. Lower molecular weight than other biomolecules.
  3. Form aggregates rather than polymers.
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2
Q

What are 3 functional characteristics of lipids?

A
  1. Energy Storage
  2. Structural Component of Membranes.
  3. Active Roles
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3
Q

What are the active roles lipids play?

A

Signaling, Enzyme Co-factors, Vitamins, Hormones, and Pigments

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4
Q

What are fatty acids? (x3)

A

Hydrocarbon with carboxylic head
Differ in length and degree of saturation
Usually an even number of Cs (12-24)

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5
Q

Assign the following terms with the amount of fatty acids (0, 1, +2): unsaturated, polyunsaturated, saturated.

A

Saturated = 0 double bonds
Unsaturated = 1 double bond
Polyunsaturated = +2

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6
Q

Double bonds usually indicate a ____ configuration

A

cis

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7
Q

Double bonds are usually separated by a _____ group

A

Methylene (CH2)

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8
Q

What is the formula for determining fatty acid nomenclature?

A

carbons : XΔ^n. Where X is the amount of double bonds, and n is the lowest numbered carbon involved in a double bond. Carbon of the carboxyl group is the carbon 1

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9
Q

Hydrocarbon tails of fatty acids associate through _____ and ___ ___ _____ interactions

A

hydrophobic, van der Waals

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10
Q

In fatty acids, do long chains or short chains have stronger associations?

A

Long chains

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11
Q

In fatty acids, do saturated chains or unsaturated chains have stronger associations?

A

Saturated

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12
Q

The melting temperature of a fatty acid mixture reflects the ____ and ____ __ ______ of the hydrocarbon tails

A

length, degree of saturation

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13
Q

Which has a greater influence on fatty acid associations: double bonds or length of the tail?

A

Double bonds

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14
Q

Lipids occupy most of the intracellular space in _____

A

adipocytes

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15
Q

What are adipocytes?

A

The energy storage cells in animal tissues

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16
Q

Fatty acids required for energy are stored as ______

A

triacylglycerols

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17
Q

What are triacylglycerols?

A

Three fatty acids linked to glycerol through ester linkages

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18
Q

What is the difference between simple and complex triacylglycerols?

A

Simple: have the same three fatty acids at each position Complex: different fatty acids

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19
Q

The ester linkage in triacylglycerols removes the polar carboxyl group to make a more _____ molecule

A

hydrophobic

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20
Q

What are the characteristics of lipids that make them so effective as long-term energy storage molecules?

A

Low oxidation state and low hydration state

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21
Q

Describe how having a low oxidation state helps lipids in being so effective as long-term energy storage molecules

A

Less oxygenated fuels burn more efficiently; triacylglycerols have lower oxygenation state than carbohydrates

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22
Q

Describe how having a low hydration state helps lipids in being so effective as long-term energy storage molecules

A

Lipids are hydrophobic with limited interaction with water providing a more compact, dehydrated energy storage form

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23
Q

What is saponification?

A

Treatment of fat with a strong base breaks the ester linkages to release free fatty acids.

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24
Q

The amphipathic properties of free fatty acids make them effective in..?

A

solubilization of hydrophobic substances

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25
Q

Fatty acids function as detergents and soaps through formation of ____ that capture hydrophobic molecules.

A

micelles

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26
Q

What is a micelle?

A

A tiny particle that makes an upside-down cone shape, and is made of substances that are soluble in water and that come together to form a ball-like shape

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27
Q

What is a wax?

A

Non-polar esters of long-chain fatty acids and long chain
monohydroxylic alcohols

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28
Q

Are waxes soluble in water?

A

Waxes are very water insoluble and have high melting temps (60-100 C)

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29
Q

Membrane bilayers ____ _____ and ____ __ ______ of the intracellular environment

A

define cells, regulate the composition

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30
Q

Formation of membranes is a ____ consequence of the properties of the molecules that compose them

A

spontaneous

31
Q

Membrane lipids can be classified based on their _______ or by their _________

A

backbone (glycerol vs sphingosine), polar head groups (phospho vs glyco)

32
Q

What are the most abundant lipids in membranes?

A

Glycerophospholipids

33
Q

What is the structure of a glycerophospholipid?

A

Glycerol backbone with a phosphate at the C3 position (Glycerol 3-phosphate).

34
Q

The _____ group is the point of attachment for a variety of polar head groups

A

phosphate

35
Q

The head groups in glycerophospholipids can carry what kind of charge: positive, negative, or neutral?

A

Can carry all of them

36
Q

True or False: different head groups are likely associated with specialized functions?

A

True

37
Q

Plant cells often contain _____: one or two galactose groups linked to C3 of diacylglycerol. Plants also contain _____

A

galactolipids, sulfolipids

38
Q

What are sphingolipids?

A

Derived from sphingosine, a long chain amino alcohol

39
Q

What is the structure of sphingolipids?

A

It is a single fatty acid linked by amide bonds to form ceramide, which is structurally similar to diacylglycerol

40
Q

What are 3 common sphingolipids?

A

Sphingomyelins, Cerebrosides, Gangliosides

41
Q

What is a Sphingomyelin?

A

Phosphocholine

42
Q

What is a Cerebroside?

A

Glycosphingolipid, which has a single sugar unit

43
Q

What is a Ganglioside?

A

Glycosphingolipid, which has multiple sugar units

44
Q

Different blood types (A, B, O) reflect different sugar patterns as the head groups of the _______

A

sphingolipids

45
Q

______ (extremophiles) live under conditions of high temp, pH and ionic strength making it a challenge to maintain membrane integrity

A

Archaebacteria

46
Q

The membrane lipids of these extremophiles often contain 3 factors:

A
  1. Ethers linkages
  2. Branch points within the hydrocarbon tails
  3. Membrane spanning hydrocarbon tails composed from a single molecule.
47
Q

What are sterols and what is their structure?

A

Are structural membrane lipids, and contain four fused ring steroid nucleus: 3-six carbon rings and a
5-carbon D ring which is rigid and nearly planar

48
Q

True or False: sterols also serve as precursors for many biologically active products

A

True

49
Q

What are the functions of cholesterol?

A

Critical biological functions such as mediating
membrane fluidity and as a precursor of steroid
hormones and bile salts

50
Q

What are eicosanoids?

A

Paracrine hormones (act on cells near point of production), and are derivatives of C20 polyunsaturated fatty acids (arachidonic acid)

51
Q

What are the three classes of eicosanoids?

A

Prostaglandins, Thromboxanes, Leukotrienes

52
Q

What is the purpose of prostaglandins?

A

Constriction of blood vessels

53
Q

What is the purpose of thromboxane?

A

Involved in blood clot formation

54
Q

What is the purpose of leukotrienes?

A

Smooth-muscle contraction

55
Q

What are steroid hormones?

A

Hydrophobic oxidized sterol derivatives

56
Q

How are steroid hormones carried?

A

Through the blood stream by carrier proteins. From which they pass through the plasma membrane to bind receptors in the nucleus

57
Q

What are the consequences of steroid hormones?

A

Alter patterns of gene expression and metabolism

58
Q

What are the 4 lipid vitamins?

A

A, D, E, and K

59
Q

What is common to the vitamins and what is different?

A

They all contain rings, long aliphatic side chains, and are highly hydrophobic. But they differ in their functions

60
Q

What is the function of vitamin D?

A

Regulates Ca2+ uptake and deposition

61
Q

How can vitamin D be obtained?

A

From the diet or produces endogenously

62
Q

What is endogenous production for vitamin D?

A

Occurs in a series of reactions, one of which requires UV light

63
Q

What are the results of insufficient/excessive vitamin D?

A

Insufficient: skeletal defects (rickets)
Excessive: calcification of soft tissues

64
Q

How is vitamin A obtained?

A

From liver, egg yolks, and milk products

65
Q

What are the three forms of vitamin A?

A

Alcohol(retinol), aldehyde, and retinoic acid

66
Q

What is aldehyde(retinal)?

A

A light sensitive compound with a role in vision

67
Q

What is vitamin E, and what is its purpose?

A

A reducing reagent that scavenges oxygen free radicals. It may prevent damage to fatty acids in membranes

68
Q

What is the result of vitamin E deficiency?

A

Scaly skin, muscular weakness, and sterility

69
Q

What is another name for vitamin E?

A

a-tocopherol

70
Q

What is the purpose of vitamin K?

A

Required for synthesis of blood coagulation proteins

71
Q

What are given to individuals who suffer excessive blood clotting?

A

Vitamin K analogs such as warfarin

72
Q

True or False: 18:0 is a saturated fatty acid?

A

True

73
Q

In sphingolipids, the fatty acid is linked to sphingosine through a(n) ______ bond

A

amide

74
Q

In triacylglycerol, fatty acids are linked to glycerol through..?

A

Ester linkages

BMSC 200 (11 decks)

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