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BMSC 200 > Chapter 3 + Quiz Questions > Flashcards

Chapter 3 + Quiz Questions Flashcards

1
Q

What are the building blocks of proteins?

A

Amino acids

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2
Q

Proteins are ___ ___ of amino acids

A

Linear polymers

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3
Q

All proteins are produced from ___ standard amino acids

A

20

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4
Q

The twenty building blocks enables what?

A

A great diversity of sequences

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5
Q

What are some distinct advantages of creating biomolecules as polymers of smaller, simpler building blocks?

A
  1. Simplicity of chemistry
  2. Recycling
  3. Diversity
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6
Q

What are the common features of amino acids?

A
  1. A hydrogen
  2. A Central Alpha Carbon
  3. An Amino Group (NH3+)
  4. A Side Chain Group (R)
  5. A Carboxyl Group (COO-)
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7
Q

The 20 amino acids differ in which feature?

A

Their side chain groups (R)

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8
Q

True or False: the side chains define the unique characteristics of each amino acid?

A

True

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9
Q

What is a chiral center? Which of the 20 acids does not have a chiral center?

A

When the alpha carbon is bonded to four different groups, this is true for all amino acids except glycine

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10
Q

The four different groups in a chiral center occupy unique spatial arrangements, giving different ______ labelled as the L and D ___.

A

Stereoisomers, isomers

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11
Q

Biologically, proteins are made almost exclusively from which amino acids, L or D?

A

L amino acids

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12
Q

There are 7 different possible groupings, what are they?

A

Aliphatics, Aromatics, Alcohols, Basics, Sulfurs, Acids, Amides

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13
Q

Describe Aliphatics

A
  1. mainly hydrocarbon side chains
  2. All non-polar
  3. Proline is often found at polypeptide turns, usually with glycine
  4. Methionine technically can be classified here
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14
Q

What is the saying for aliphatics?

A

Glaciers in Alaska Valiantly Locate Isolated Prowlers

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15
Q

Which Amino Acids fall under the Aliphatic grouping?

A

Glycine, Alanine, Valine, Leucine, Isoleucine, Proline

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16
Q

What is the abbreviation/single letter for Glycine? And what is the structure starting from the central C?

A
  1. GLY, G
  2. H underneath linked by a single bond
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17
Q

What is the abbreviation/single letter for Alanine? And what is the structure starting from the central C?

A
  1. ALA, A
  2. CH3 underneath linked by a single bond
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18
Q

What is the abbreviation/single letter for valine? And what is the structure starting from the central C?

A
  1. VAL, V
  2. CH underneath linked by a single bond, 2 CH3 linked underneath by a single bond at 45°
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19
Q

What is the abbreviation/single letter for leucine? And what is the structure starting from the central C?

A
  1. LEU, L
  2. CH2 underneath linked by a single bond, CH underneath linked by a single bond, 2 CH3 linked underneath by a single bond at 45°
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20
Q

What is the abbreviation/single letter for isoleucine? And what is the structure starting from the central C?

A
  1. ISE, I
  2. CH underneath by a single bond, CH2 underneath by a single bond, CH3 underneath by a single bond. CH3 linked to the left of CH by a single bond.
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21
Q

What is the abbreviation/single letter for proline? And what is the structure starting from the central C?

A

Going Clockwise: CH2 down/right by a single bond, CH2 down/left by a single bond, CH2 up/left which also connects to H2N+ (instead of NH3+)

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22
Q

Describe Aromatics

A
  1. Histidine can also be classified here
  2. Tyrosine can be post-translation modified through phosphorylation.
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23
Q

What is phosphorylation and what amino acids can be phosphorylated?

A

Phosphorylation is a mechanism to regulate protein function. Tyrosine, and amino acids with hydroxyl groups (Serine and Threonine) also can be phosphorylated

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24
Q

What is the saying for Aromatics?

A

The aroma of fine Pine and yellow Timber makes it worth the Tryp

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25
Q

Which Amino Acids fall under the Aromatic grouping?

A

Phenylalanine, Tyrosine, Tryptophan

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26
Q

What is the abbreviation/single letter for Phenylalanine? And what is the structure starting from the central C?

A
  1. PHE, F
  2. CH2 underneath by a single bond, hexagon ring underneath by a single bond
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27
Q

What is the abbreviation/single letter for tyrosine? And what is the structure starting from the central C?

A
  1. TYR, Y
  2. CH2 underneath by a single bond, hexagon ring underneath by a single bond, OH underneath by a single bond
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28
Q

What is the abbreviation/single letter for tryptophan? And what is the structure starting from the central C?

A
  1. TRP, W
  2. CH underneath by a single bond, pentagon ring underneath by a single bond, NH in the bottom right corner, hexagon ring to the left of the pentagon ring
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29
Q

What is post-translational modification?

A

Certain amino acids can be covalently modified after their incorporation into a protein. These modifications are often reversible. Phosphorylation is an example of this.

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30
Q

Which of the amino acids are considered polar, but uncharged?

A

Cysteine, Asparagine, Glutamine, Serine, Threonine

31
Q

What is the saying for Sulfurs?

A

Methodically Check for sulfur along the way

32
Q

Which Amino Acids fall under the Sulfur grouping?

A

Cysteine and Methionine

33
Q

What is the abbreviation/single letter for cysteine? And what is the structure starting from the central C?

A
  1. CYS, C
  2. CH2 underneath by a single bond, SH underneath by a single bond
34
Q

What is the abbreviation/single letter for methionine? And what is the structure starting from the central C?

A
  1. MET, M
  2. CH2 underneath by a single bond, CH2 underneath by a single bond, S underneath by a single bond, CH3 underneath by a single bond
35
Q

What is so important with the amino acids that contain sulfur?

A

They contain disulfide bonds

36
Q

Describe disulfide bonds

A

From through the oxidation of the sulfhydryl groups to form a covalent linkage. They stabilize protein structures. They can be inter/intramolecular

37
Q

Which amino acids are considered positively charged?

A

Lysine, Arginine, and Histidine. They all carry a net charge of +1 at physiological pH

38
Q

In many enzymatic reactions, _____ serves as a proton acceptor/donor

A

Histidine

39
Q

Which amino acids are considered negatively charged?

A

Aspartate and Glutamate. Which carry a net charge of -1 at physiological pH

40
Q

____ is responsible for one of the five basic tastes (umami)

A

Glutamate

41
Q

Describe Alcohols

A
  1. They are all polar
  2. Threonine has a chiral carbon
42
Q

What is the saying for Alcohols?

A

Alcohol is a Serious Threat

43
Q

Which Amino Acids fall under the Alcohols grouping?

A

Serine and Threonine

44
Q

What is the abbreviation/single letter for serine? And what is the structure starting from the central C?

A
  1. SER, S
  2. CH2 underneath by a single bond, OH underneath by a single bond
45
Q

What is the abbreviation/single letter for threonine? And what is the structure starting from the central C?

A
  1. THR, T
  2. CH underneath by a single bond, CH3 underneath by a single bond, OH to the left of CH by a single bond
46
Q

Describe Basics

A
  1. All charged
  2. Histidine has a ring
47
Q

What is the saying for Basics?

A

Basically, His Lost kid Always returned

48
Q

Which Amino Acids fall under the Basics grouping?

A

Histidine, Lysine, Arginine

49
Q

What is the abbreviation/single letter for histidine? And what is the structure starting from the central C?

A
  1. HIS, H
  2. CH2 underneath by a single bond, pentagon ring underneath by a single bond, N with 2 dots in top right corner, HN in bottom left corner
50
Q

What is the abbreviation/single letter for lysine? And what is the structure starting from the central C?

A
  1. LYS, K
  2. CH2 underneath by a single bond (x4), NH3+ underneath by a single bond
51
Q

What is the abbreviation/single letter for arginine? And what is the structure starting from the central C?

A
  1. ARG, R
  2. CH2 underneath by a single bond (x3), NH underneath by a single bond, H2N to the bottom/left by a single bond, NH2+ to the bottom/right by a single bond
52
Q

Describe Acids

A
  1. All are charged
  2. Generally neurotransmitters
53
Q

What is the saying for Acids?

A

As peter digested the Glue, his stomach became acidic

54
Q

Which Amino Acids fall under the Acids grouping?

A

Aspartate and Glutamate

55
Q

What is the abbreviation/single letter for aspartate? And what is the structure starting from the central C?

A
  1. ASP, D
  2. CH2 underneath by a single bond, COO- underneath by a single bond
56
Q

What is the abbreviation/single letter for glutamate? And what is the structure starting from the central C?

A
  1. GLU, E
  2. CH2 underneath by a single bond (x2), COO- underneath by a single bond
57
Q

Describe Amides

A
  1. All are polar
58
Q

What is the saying for Amides?

A

Amid the neatly stacked Asparagus lies the Glutinous Quail

59
Q

Which Amino Acids fall under the Amides grouping?

A

Asparagine and Glutamine

60
Q

What is the abbreviation/single letter for asparagine? And what is the structure starting from the central C?

A
  1. ASN, N
  2. CH2 underneath by a single bond, C underneath by a single bond, H2N bottom/left by a single bond, O bottom/right by a double bond
61
Q

What is the abbreviation/single letter for glutamine? And what is the structure starting from the central C?

A
  1. GLN, Q
  2. CH2 underneath by a single bond (x2) , C underneath by a single bond, H2N bottom/left by a single bond, O bottom/right by a double bond
62
Q

Every amino acid has at least two groups that accept and donate protons, what are they called?

A

Diprotic

63
Q

All amino acids have the alpha carbon ____ group and _____ groups

A

Carboxyl, amino

64
Q

Amino acids that have ionizable groups in their side chains are considered what?

A

Triprotic

65
Q

Which amino acids are triprotic?

A

Lysine, Arginine, Histidine, Aspartate, Glutamate, Cysteine, and Tyrosine

66
Q

Diprotics have ___ buffering regions, triprotics have ___

A

2, 3

67
Q

What are the 3 ionizable groups in the amino acids?

A
  1. Carboxyl group
  2. Amino group
  3. Side chains of the triprotic amino acids
68
Q

Each ionizable group has a specific pKa. This is the pH at which that groups changes its ..?

A

Protonation state, HA <—> A- + H+

69
Q

When pH is ___ the pKa, the protonated form predominated (HA)

A

Below

70
Q

When pH is ____ the pKa, the unprotonated form predominates (A-)

A

Above

71
Q

All amino acids have both carboxyl and an amino groups. what are their respective pKas?

A

Carboxyl: ~2.0
Amino: ~10.0

72
Q

At pH ___ these groups will be in the COO- and NH3+ forms

A

7.4

73
Q

What is a zwitterion?

A

The dipolar ion of an amino acid

74
Q

What is the isoelectric point (pI)?

A

The pH at which the net charge on the molecule is equal to 0

BMSC 200 (11 decks)

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