chapter 8 Psych vocab Flashcards
A relativley permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience.
Learning
Learning that certain events happen together.
Associative Learning
A type of learning where an organism comes to associate stimuli.
Classical conditioning
The view that Psychology should bean objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes.
Behaviorism
In classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occuring response to the unconditioned stimulus.
Unconditional response
In classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditoinally triggers a response.
Unconditional Stimulus
In classical conditoining, the learned responcse to a previsely neutral stimulus
Conditioned Response
In classical conditioning, on origionally irrevilent stimulus that, after association with an unconditional stimulus, comes to trigger a conditional response.
Conditioned Stimulus
The initial stage in classical conditoining; the phase associating the neural stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus so that the neural stimulus comes to elicit a conditioned response.
Acquisition
The deminishing of a conditional respomnse; occurs in classical conditoining when an uncondioned stimulus does not follow from a conditioned stimulus.
Extenction
The reapperance after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response.
Spontanesous Recovery
The tendance once an response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit simular responses.
Generalization
In classical conditining the ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus.
Discrimination
A type of learing in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher.
Operant Conditioning
behavior that occurs as an automatic responseto some stimulus; Skinner’s term for behavior learned through classical conditioning.
Respondant Behavior
behavior that operates on the enviroment producing consequences.
Operant Behavior
Thornfike’s principle that behaviors are followed by favorable consequences become more likley, and that behaviors followd by unfavorable concequences become less likely.
Law of Effect
A chamber aslo known as a Skinner box, containing a bar or key that an animal can minuplate to obtain food or water as a reinforcement.
Operant Chamber
an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer arpoximations of the desired behavior.
Shaping
In operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the event it follows.
Reinforcer
Increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food.
Positive Reinforcement
increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli.
Negative Reinforcement
An innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need.
Primary Reinforcer
a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer.
Conditioned Reinforcer
reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs.
Continus Reinforcement
reinforcing a respinse only part of the time.
Partial Reinforcement
in operant conditoining, a reinforcment schedule that reinforces a response only after a specific number of responses.
Fixed-Ratio Schedule
in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses.
Variable-Ratio Schedule
In operarnt conditoining, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elasped.
Fixed-Interival Schedule
in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable time interivles.
Variable-Interival Schedule
An event that decreases the behavior that is follows.
Punishment
A mental representation of the layout of one’s enviroment.
Cognitive Map
Learning that occurs but is not present until there is an incintive to demonstrate it.
Latent Learning
A desire to learn for its own sake.
Intrinsic Learning
Learning by observing others.
Observational Learning
The process of obseriving and imitating a specific behavior.
Modeling
frontal lobe neurons that fire when preforming certain actions or when observing another doing so.
Mirrior Neurons
positive, constructive, helpful behavior.
Prosocial Behavior
