chapter 10 Psych vocab.csvpter to Psych terms Flashcards
The mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.
Cognition
A mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people.
Concept
A mental image or best example of a category.
Prototype
A methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem.
Algorithm
A simple thinking strategy that allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier, but more error prone then algorithms.
Heuristic
A sudden and often novel realization to a problem.
Insight
A tendency to search for information that affirms one’s preconception.
Confirmation bias
The inability to see a problem from a new prospective.
Fixation
A tendency to approach a problem in a particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past.
Mental Set
A tendency to think of things only in their usual function.
Functional fixedness
judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes.
Representativeness heuristic
estimating the availability of an event based on their availability in the memory.
Availability heuristic
the tendency to be more confident then correct – to overestimate the accuracy of one’s beliefs and judgments.
Overconfidence
the way an issue is possed.
Framing
the tendency for one’s preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning, sometimes by making invalid conclusions seem valid, or valid conclusions seem invalid.
Belief bias
clinging to one’s initial concepts even after the bias on which they were formed has been discredited.
Belief perseverance
our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning.
Language
the smallest descriptive sound unit in language.
Phoneme
The smallest unit that carries meaning in language.
Morpheme
a system of rules that enable us to communicate with and understand others in language.
Grammar
the set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language.
Semantics
the rules for combining words into grammitically sensible sentences in a given language.
Syntax
The stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language, beginning about 4 months.
Babbling stage
The stage in speech development, from about age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words.
One-word stage
beginning about age two, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly in two word statements.
Two-word stage
Early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram – “go car” – Using mostly nouns and verbs and omitting auxiliary words.
Telegraphic speech
Whorf’s hypothesis that language determines the way we think.
Linguistic determinism
