chapter 10 Psych vocab.csvpter to Psych terms

Question 1

The mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.

Answer 1

Cognition

Question 2

A mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people.

Answer 2

Concept

Question 3

A mental image or best example of a category.

Answer 3

Prototype

Question 4

A methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem.

Answer 4

Algorithm

Question 5

A simple thinking strategy that allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier, but more error prone then algorithms.

Answer 5

Heuristic

Question 6

A sudden and often novel realization to a problem.

Answer 6

Insight

Question 7

A tendency to search for information that affirms one’s preconception.

Answer 7

Confirmation bias

Question 8

The inability to see a problem from a new prospective.

Answer 8

Fixation

Question 9

A tendency to approach a problem in a particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past.

Answer 9

Mental Set

Question 10

A tendency to think of things only in their usual function.

Answer 10

Functional fixedness

Question 11

judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes.

Answer 11

Representativeness heuristic

Question 12

estimating the availability of an event based on their availability in the memory.

Answer 12

Availability heuristic

Question 13

the tendency to be more confident then correct – to overestimate the accuracy of one’s beliefs and judgments.

Answer 13

Overconfidence

Question 14

the way an issue is possed.

Answer 14

Framing

Question 15

the tendency for one’s preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning, sometimes by making invalid conclusions seem valid, or valid conclusions seem invalid.

Answer 15

Belief bias

Question 16

clinging to one’s initial concepts even after the bias on which they were formed has been discredited.

Answer 16

Belief perseverance

Question 17

our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning.

Answer 17

Language

Question 18

the smallest descriptive sound unit in language.

Answer 18

Phoneme

Question 19

The smallest unit that carries meaning in language.

Answer 19

Morpheme

Question 20

a system of rules that enable us to communicate with and understand others in language.

Answer 20

Grammar

Question 21

the set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language.

Answer 21

Semantics

Question 22

the rules for combining words into grammitically sensible sentences in a given language.

Answer 22

Syntax

Question 23

The stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language, beginning about 4 months.

Answer 23

Babbling stage

Question 24

The stage in speech development, from about age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words.

Answer 24

One-word stage

Question 25

beginning about age two, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly in two word statements.

Answer 25

Two-word stage

Question 26

Early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram – “go car” – Using mostly nouns and verbs and omitting auxiliary words.

Answer 26

Telegraphic speech

Question 27

Whorf’s hypothesis that language determines the way we think.

Answer 27

Linguistic determinism