chapter 8 political geography Flashcards
allocation
when a resource lies on two sides of a border
locational
when the border moves, like a river changing course or lake drying up.
operational
when borders are agreed to, but passage across the borders is a problem
definitional
when borders treaties are interpreted two different ways.
devolution
the pressures for independence within a state from various ethnic group
federal states
allocated some power to units of local government (good for large, fragmented or elongated states)
unitary states
places most power in the hands of the central government (good for small compact states)
definition
boundary process when borders are claimed, negotiated,or captured and legally described.
delimitation
boundary process when borders are drawn onto a map
demarcation
boundary process when visible markers are place on the ground to show where the borders lay, with a fence, wall, sign etc.
administration
the enforcement by a government or people of a boundary that has been created.
united nations
supranational organization of nearly 200 member states bound together to create collective security through diplomatic peaceful cooperation.
North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
regional economic alliance among Canada, United States and Mexico
warsaw pact
supranational organization of communist allies formed during the Cold War
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
supranational organization formed during the cold war to combat the expansion of communist states.
european union
supranational organization of nearly 25 member states in Europe that have integrated for improved economic and political cooperation
Untied Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)
UN document of agreement among coastal states defining how they should divide the earth’s bodies of water.
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)
supranational organization created by Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia , and Venezuela in 1960 to secure fair and stable prices for oil.
compact state
a state in which the distance from the center to any boundary doesn’t vary much, the capital is located in the center because it improves communication
prorupted state
a state with a large extension to access natural resources like water, or to separate states that would otherwise share a boundary
elongated state
state that has a long narrow shape and might have communication problems (potential isolation)
fragmented state
a state that has several discontinuous pieces of territory and can lead to conflict (problematic)
perforated state
a state that completely surrounds another
enclave
a piece of territory that is surrounded by another political unit (inside of a perforated state)
exclave
a fragmented territory that is separated from the state by another state
landlocked state
a state that lacks access to the ocean or sea
territorial morphology
the relationship between a state’s geographic shape, size, and relative location and political situation
redistricting or reapportionment
the redrawing of boundaries from time to time to account for a change in the population (usually after the Census - 10 yrs.)
gerrymandering
the redrawing of legislative boundaries to benefit a specific political boundary
maritime boundaries
boundaries in the world’s oceans
exclusive economic zone
the area up to 200 nautical miles beyond a coastal state’s coast line that they ma claim according to UNCLOS
high seas
Beyond the 200 mile EEZ limit are the _____ , that are beyond national jurisdiction and are free and open for all countries to use.
city-state
political space comprising a central city and surrounding farmland
state
a population under a single government
sovereignty
internationally recognized control of a state over the people and territory within its boundaries.
nation
a population with a single culture
nation-state
a single culture under a single government
micro-state
very small states
supranationalism
growing trend of three or more countries forming an alliance for cultural,economic, or military reasons.
country
an identifiable land area
subsequent boundaries
conflict or cultural changes such as war or migration
frontier
a zone or area between states where no state exercises complete control (found in areas that are uninhabited)
physical boundaries
boundaries that following important features on the landscape such as water, mountains, and deserts
antecedent boundaries
natural boundaries that existed long before those areas became populated.
geometric boundaries
boundaries that following straight lines and have little to do with the physical or cultural landscape (often based on latitude lines)
superimposed boundaries
lines that were drawn by an outside force (colonizer) that did not pay attention to the existing ethnic boundaries
religious boundaries
a cultural boundary that separates two religious followings
relict boundaries
former state boundaries that still have political or cultural meaning
organic theory
according to Ratzel, states that did not expand their territory would disintegrate like an organism that fails to find food.
heartland theory
Mackinder believed that the Eurasian landmass was the key to world domination.
rimland theory
Spykman argued that the areas surrounding the Eurasian landmass and the world’s oceans was the key to the world political power
colonialism
imposing political, economic and cultural control on territories that were previously uninhabited
imperialism
imposing political, economic and cultural control on territories that are already occupied.
irredentism
a movement to reunite a nation’s homeland when part of it is spread into another state’s border.
ethnonationalism
emotional attachment to one’s nation that is a minority within a state and feels different from the rest of the state’s people.
decolonization
the process of colonies becoming independent states
