chapter 10 agriculture

Question 1

agribusiness

Answer 1

Commercial agriculture characterized by integration of different steps in the food-processing industry, usually through ownership by large corporations.

Question 2

agriculture

Answer 2

The deliberate effort to modify a portion of Earth’s surface through the cultivation of crops and the raising of livestock for sustenance or economic gain.

Question 3

animal husbandry

Answer 3

a kind of farming in which people raise animals for meat, milk, eggs, etc.

Question 4

biotechnology

Answer 4

use of genetically engineered crops in agriculture & DNA manipulation in livestock in order to increase production.

Question 5

biotechnology

Answer 5

use of genetically engineered crops in agriculture & DNA manipulation in livestock in order to increase production.

Question 6

capital-intensive agricultural

Answer 6

Form of agriculture that uses mechanical goods such as machinery, tools, vehicles and facilities to produce large amounts of agricultural goods; a process requiring very little human labor

Question 7

commercial farming

Answer 7

The farming of products for sale off the farm

Question 8

dairying

Answer 8

occupation of producing milk products

Question 9

debt for nature swap

Answer 9

when agencies such as the World Bank make a deal with third world countries that they will cancel their debt if the country will set aside a certain amount of their natural resources.

Question 10

double cropping

Answer 10

harvesting twice a year from the same land. Can cause agricultural exhaustion making people move away from the land.

Question 11

enclosure movement

Answer 11

The process of consolidating small landholdings into smaller number of larger farms in England during the eighteenth century.

Question 12

extensive subsistence farming

Answer 12

consists of any agricultural economy in which the crops and/or animals are used nearly exclusively for local or family consumption on large areas of land and minimal labor input per acre

Question 13

feedlots

Answer 13

Places where livestock are concentrated in very small area and raised on hormones and hearty grains that prepare them for slaughter at a much more rapid rate than grazing; often referred to factory farms

Question 14

hunters and gatherers

Answer 14

For 1000’s of years humans sustained themselves with this practice. Hunters gained skills in capturing and killing animals, and gatherers learned which plants and fruits were edible and nutritious.

Question 15

intensive subsistence farming

Answer 15

Involves the cultivation of small land plots through use of great amounts of labor and yields per unit; area and populations densities are both high.

Question 16

mediterranean agriculture

Answer 16

Agriculture practiced in areas with a Mediterranean climate; mostly horticulture

Question 17

milkshed

Answer 17

The area surrounding a city from which milk is supplied

Question 18

mixed crop and livestock farming

Answer 18

Both animal and crops are farmed in the same area.

Question 19

plantation farming

Answer 19

Agriculture performed on a large farm in tropical and subtropical climates that specializes in the production of one or two crops for sale, usually to a more developed country

Question 20

ranching

Answer 20

A form of commercial agriculture in which livestock graze over an extensive area

Question 21

salinization

Answer 21

Process that occurs when soils in arid areas are brought under cultivation through irrigation. In arid climates, water evaporates quickly off the ground surface, leaving salty residues that render the soil infertile

Question 22

mechanization

Answer 22

In agriculture, replacing human labor with technology or machines

Question 23

seed agriculture

Answer 23

Reproduction of plants through annual introduction of seeds, which result from sexual fertilization.

Question 24

shifting cultivation

Answer 24

A form of subsistence agriculture in which people shift activity from one field to another; each field is used for crops for relatively few years and left fallow for a relatively long period.

Question 25

slash and burn

Answer 25

see shifting cultivation; cultivation of crops in tropical forest clearings in which the forest vegitation has been removed by cutting and burning

Question 26

transhumance

Answer 26

A pattern of regular seasonal movement by human groups. It can be seen as a form of pastoralism or nomadism.livestock is moved seasonally between one area of pasture and another

Question 27

under nutrition

Answer 27

Case of not getting enough calories or nutrients.

Question 28

vegetative planting

Answer 28

Process of cultivating by simply cutting off a stem of another plant or by dividing roots of a plant; developed before seed agriculture.