chapter 8 - political divisions: the personal rule and the short parliament Flashcards
court of star chamber
made up of privy councillors that were selected by the monarch
king could hold secret cases in here
court of high commission
chief court of church ran by Laud to enforce conformity
guilty defendants here could be tried in the star chamber
solving financial problems
securing peace with France and spain - treaties of Susa and Madrid
westons reform of crown finance in order to lower cost of running Charlesā court\
puritan opposition
regarded destruction of catholicism
courtiers did not like the cut backs at court
sources of crown income
customs duties
tonnage and poundage only granted to Charles for 1 year in 1625
continued to collect it as other monarchs had been granted it for life
bought Charles in years 1631-35 about Ā£270,000 a year
sources of crown income
feudal dues
crown had right to run any estate inherited by an heir under 21 years old
during personal rule, income from wardship increased by about a third (Ā£75,000 a year)
sources of crown income
monopolies
loophole in monopolies act allowed grants to corporations
granting monopoly of soap to a group of catholics
earned Charles Ā£33,000
sources of crown income
recusancy fines
income from these fines was increased from Ā£5300 a year in 1620s to Ā£26,866 in 1634
sources of crown income
distraint of knighthood
anyone holding land with income of Ā£40 per year or more who had not received a knighthood at Charles coronation was fined
by 1635, Charles raised nearly Ā£175,000 from this
sources of crown income
other fines
forest fines - fines for any landowner said to have encroached on areas of royal forests. Charles used dubious maps and documents to impose fines on major landowners
land titles - fines imposed on those who rented land from the crown but lacked a clear title to the land or could not prove continuous occupation for the previous 60 years
enclosure fines - fines imposed on those who had illegally enclosed or closed off common land
ship money
Ā£200,000 raised a year
levied in times of emergency to fund the navy
equivalent of 3 parliamentary subsidies
could be judged as a financial success
in august 1635 - extended to inland countries and levied annually until 1639
Scottish bishops and the imposition of a new Laudian prayer book
organised protest became a full blown riot
Charlesā Scottish privy council left Edinburgh in October 1637
Charles sought legal confirmation of his right to collect ship money. this brought English opposition to ship money into the open
bishops wars
1639-40
allowed Scots to call religious general assembly in Glasgow (September 1638)
(November 1638) assembly proceeded to annul cannon laws and abolish episcopacy
episcopacy
the government of church by bishops, in this instance the Church of England
short parliament
September 1639 - Wentworth advised Charles to call parliament to raise money to fight the Scots
when it met, Charles refused to compromise and dissolved it
signs treaty of ripon
October 1639
Charles reluctantly signs treaty of ripon which stated Charles would have to pay Scottish armys living costs whilst they occupied English soil
this meant Charles needed to call another parliament to help fund the payments
opposition in ireland
english sought to impose their control over ireland since the 12th century
ireland was divided among various lords and more sytematic attempt by henry viii to control ireland added to patchwork of different influences
political group divisions in ireland
1 - irish catholics - native gaelic speaking irish population
2 - catholic old english - catholics descended from original english settlers
3 - protestant new english - protestants descended from english settlers after reformation
4 - Presbyterian scots - predominantly based in plantation of ulster in north of ireland
thomas wentworth
1632
appionted lord deputy of ireland
kings representative in ireland
role was to stand outside different factions in ireland in order to rule them
irish rebellion
oct 1641
wentworth was successful in alienating all different groups in ireland
tensions came to the fore when charles recalled wentworth to england
scottish rebellion (1637) and wentworths return to england prompted irish catholics to act because -
- presbyterian scots were controlling scotland and were in alliance with english puritans. growing influence threatened catholic ireland
- with wentworth removed, irish sought to pre-emptively prevent radical outsiders imposing harsh protestant rules on them
lasted over winter of 1641-42
irish catholics launched a strike against the protestants in Ulster
massacring at least 3000
opposition in england
william fiennes
strongly protestant peer
heavily involved in colonisation
charles ignored his refusal to pay ship moeny
started legal action against the crown deliberately with the aim of creating a show trial over the issue
opposition in england
hampden case 1637
nov 1637
charles took hampden to court for refusal to pay ship money
make point charles should be obeyed
growing opposition to charles financial policies - ship money
with the scottish rebellion and growing examples of religious opposition, the slim victory shows charlesā personal rule was under strain
need to recall parliament
to deal with scottish rebellion ā-> charles had to call and maintain parliament in england
short parliament lasted less than a month
MPs did not vote subsidies for the bishops war
charles decision to face the scots without parliamentary backing in 1640 led to increased tension and development of the crisis that would lead to a civil war in england in 1642
