Chapter 8 - Physiological/Behavioral Neuroscience Flashcards
Physiological psychology is __________
the study of the essential biology involved in the study of the mind
The central nervous system (CNS) is made up of two parts:
- Brain
2. Spinal Cord
The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is made up of two parts:
- Somatic nervous system
2. Autonomic nervous system (ANS)
The __________ is the pathway that runs to and from the CNS
Peripheral nervous system
__________ fibers run toward the CNS, and __________ fibers run away from the CNS
Afferent is like affect, which means feel, so it goes toward the CNS, and afferent is like effect, so it goes away from CNS to cause the effect the brain wants
__________ interacts with the external environment by controlling voluntary movements of striated muscles
somatic nervous system
__________ interacts with the internal environment and is responsible for the “fight or flight” response
Autonomic nervous system (ANS)
The autonomic nervous system (ANS) has two parts:
- Sympathetic nervous system
2. Parasympathetic nervous system
__________ controls arousal mechanisms such as blood circulation, pupil dilation, and threat and fear response
Lie detector tests rely on the premise that lying activates the sympathetic nervous system and causes thinks like an increase in heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration
__________ is responsible for recuperation after arousal by doing things like lowering heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration
parasympathetic nervous system
The spine consists of an inner core of __________ and an outer core of __________ that go to and from the brain
gray matter; white matter
In the spine, gray matter consists of __________ and __________
cell bodies; dendrites
In the spine, white matter consists of __________ , __________ , and __________ .
nerve fibers; axon bundles; myelin sheathing
The Hindbrain consists of three parts:
- Myelencephalon (medulla)
- Metencephalon (contains pons and cerebellum)
- Reticular formation (base is located in the hindbrain, and rest is in midbrain), considered the oldest part of the brain
The __________ mainly controls reflexes but also controls sleep, attention, and movement.
medulla
The __________ connects brain parts to spine
pons
The __________ controls muscle coordination, balance, and posture
cerebellum
The __________ is considered the oldest part of the brain; controls alertness, thirst, sleep, and involuntary muscles such as the __________
reticular formation; heart
The mesencephalon is the __________
midbrain
__________ controls vision and hearing
Tectum
__________ houses the rest of the reticular formation.
It is also involved in the sensorimotor system, and the analgesic effect of opiates
__________ can be divided into diencephalon (thalamus and hypothalamus) and telencephalon
Forebrain
The __________ is the rest of the forebrain, which contains:
Telencephalon
limbic system; hippocampus; amygdala; cingulate gyrus
The __________ is the connection between brain and spine
Corticospinal tract
__________ channels sensory information to the cerebral cortex
Thalamus
__________ controls ANS biological motivations, such as hunger and thirst, and the pituitary gland
Hypothalamus
The __________ gland, which is the “master gland” of the endocrine/hormone system
pituitary
__________ is a group of structures around the brainstem involved in the four F’s (fleeing, feeding, fighting, and fornicating - to be polite)
Limbic system
__________ involved in memory, specifically transferring short-term memory into long-term memory
Recent research indicates that new neurons can form in the hippocampus of the adult mammalian brain
__________ controls emotional reactions such as fear and anger
Amygdala
__________ links areas in the brain dealing with emotion and decision
Cingulate gyrus
__________ is the outer half-inch of the cerebral hemispheres. It’s the seat of sensory and intellectual functions and is split into lobes
Cerebral cortex
Ninety percent of the cerebral cortex is __________
neocortex
The __________ is new in evolution, and a six-layered cortex
neocortex
Apart from the neocortex, the other 10% of the __________ has fewer than six layers and is more __________
cerebral cortex; primitive
The __________ controls speech, reasoning, and problem solving
Houses Broca’s area of speech
The __________ is responsible for vision
occipital lobe
The __________ is responsible for the somatosensory system
parietal lobe
The __________ is responsible for hearing.
Also includes Wernicke’s area, which is related to speech
__________ (bumps) and __________ (fissures) are seen on the cortex surface
Gyri; sulci
__________ are tough connective tissues that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord
meninges
The __________ protects the brain by making it extremely difficult for toxic substances to pass from the blood into the brain
blood-brain barrier
The cells that make up the blood vessels in the brain are very __________ packed
tightly
__________ are chambers filled with cerebrospinal fluid that insulate the brain from shock
Ventricles
__________ controls visual reflexes, and __________ controls auditory reflexes and appear as bumps on the brainstem
Superior colliculus; inferior colliculus
__________ control large, voluntary muscle movements
Their degeneration is related to motor dysfunction in Parkinson’s and Huntington’s diseases
