Chapter 7 - Sensation and Perception Flashcards
1
Q
_____________ on the retina are responsible for sensory transduction
A
Receptor cells (rods and cones)
2
Q
Sensory transduction happens through the chemical alternation of _____________
A
Photopigments
3
Q
_____________ are particularly sensitive to dim light and are used for night vision and are important for peripheral vision.
A
Are also concentrated along the sides of the retina, making them extremely important for peripheral vision
4
Q
_____________ are concentrated in the center of the retina, in the area called the _____________
A
Cones ; fovea
5
Q
The _____________ is the area of the retina with the greatest visual acuity
A
Fovea
6
Q
Good _____________ means that you are able to see fine details
A
Visual acuity
7
Q
_____________ are particularly sensitive to color and daytime vision
A
Cones
8
Q
Cones see better than rods because _____________
A
there are fewer cones per ganglion cell than rods per ganglion cell
9
Q
After light passes through the receptors, it travels through the _____________ cells to the _____________ cells to the _____________ cells.
A
Horizontal ; bipolar ; amacrine
10
Q
Some information processing takes place as light passes through the receptors and 3 series of cells. Then the information heads to the _____________ cells which make up the optic nerve.
A
Ganglion
11
Q
The eyes are connected to the cerebral cortex by a _____________
A
Visual pathway
12
Q
The visual pathway consists of one _____________ connecting each eye to the brain
A
Optic nerve
13
Q
Along the optic nerve pathway, there is an _____________ in which half of the divers from the optic nerve of each eye cross over and join the optic nerve from the other eye
A
Thus, the pathways are 50% crossed, ensuring that input from each eye will come together for a full picture in the brain. Because of this layout, a stimulus in the left visual field is processed in the right side of the brain and visa versa.
14
Q
After the optic chiasm, information travels through the _____________ cortex to the _____________ areas of the cortex
A
Striate ; visual association areas
15
Q
_____________ or _____________ is a theory for color vision proposed by Ewald Hering
A
Opponent-color ; opponent-process
16
Q
Opponent-process theory suggests that two types of color-sensitive cells exist:
A
- Cones that respond to blue-yellow colors
2. Cones that respond to red-green colors
17
Q
In opponent-process theory, when one color of the pair on a cone is stimulated, the other color is _____________
A
Inhibited
18
Q
If you look at something red for a long time then focus on a while image, you’ll see a green _____________
A
Afterimage
19
Q
The tri-color theory was proposed by:
A
- Thomas Young
2. Hermann Von Helmholtz
20
Q
Tri-color theory is also known as _____________ theory.
A
Component
21
Q
Tri-color theory suggests that there are three types of receptors in the retina: cones that respond to _____________, _____________, or _____________.
A
Red ; blue ; green
22
Q
Research shows that opponent-process theory seems to be at work in the _____________ whereas the tri-color theory seems to be at work in the _____________.
A
Lateral geniculate body ; retina
23
Q
_____________ allows the eye to see contrast and prevents repetitive information from being sent to the brain
A
Lateral inhibition
24
Q
Lateral inhibition is a complex process with the idea that once one receptor cell is stimulated, the others nearby are _____________
A
Inhibited
25
__________ is the feeling that results from physical stimulation
Sensation
26
__________ is how we organize or experience the sensations
Perception
27
Sensation involves three steps:
1. Reception
2. Sensory transduction
3. Electric information travels to brain
28
__________ takes place when receptors for a particular sense detect a stimulus
Reception
29
The __________ is the part of the world that triggers a particular neuron
receptive field
30
__________ is the process in which physical sensation is changed into electrical messages that the brain can understand
sensory transduction
31
__________ is at the heart of the senses
sensory transduction
32
Electrical information travels down the __________ to the brain, where the information is understood
neural pathways
33
__________ theory asserts that perception and cognition are largely innate
nativist
34
__________ theory asserts that perception is the sum total of sensory input. The world is understood through __________
Structuralist ; bottom-up processing
35
__________ psychology revolves around __________ and asserts that people tend to see the world as comprised of organized wholes
Gestalt; perception
36
Gestalt psychology is affiliated with __________ processing
top-down
37
Current thinking is that perception is partially __________ and partially __________
innate/sensory ; learned/conceptual
38
__________ has been explained by James Gibson as the increasing ability of a child to make finer discriminations among stimuli
Perceptual development
39
The __________, or all of the things a person sees, trains people to perceive
Optic array
40
Light is composed of __________ and __________ measured by brightness and wavelengths.
photons ; waves
41
__________ is also known as "color" and is the dominant wavelength of light.
hue
42
__________ is physical intensity
brightness
43
The __________ is the clear protective coating on the outside of the eye
cornea
44
The __________ is located behind the cornea
lens
45
__________ allow the lens to bend in order to focus an image of the outside world onto the retina
ciliary muscles
46
The __________, located on the back of the eye, receives light images from the __________
retina ; lens
47
__________ is famous for a theory of color blindness
Herman Von Helmholtz
48
__________ and __________ discovered that cells in the visual cortex are so complex and specialized that they respond only to certain types of stimuli
David Hubel ; Torsten Wiesel
-
Some cells respond only to vertical lines, whereas some respond only to right angles and so on
49
The __________ refers to the entire span that can be perceived or detected by the eye at a given moment
visual field
50
The __________ and __________ relationship refers to the relationship between the meaningful part of a picture (the figure) and the background (the ground)
figure ; ground
51
__________ has monocular and binocular cues
depth perception
52
__________ has been called the most important depth cue
binocular disparity
53
Our eyes view objects from two slightly different angles, which allows us to create a __________ picture
three-dimensional
54
__________ gives us clues about how far away an object is if we know about how big the object should be
apparent size
55
__________ or overlap of objects shows which objects are closer
interposition
56
__________ is gained by features we are familiar with, such as two seemingly parallel lines that converge with distance
linear perpsective
57
__________ refers to how we see texture or fine detail differently from different distances
texture gradient
58
__________ is how movement is perceived through the displacement of objects over time, and how this motion takes place at seemingly different paces for nearby or far away objects
motion parallax
59
__________ and __________ developed the visual cliff apparatus
Eleanor Gibson and Richard Walk
60
The __________ apparatus studies whether depth perception is innate
visual cliff
-
Glass floor above a surface that dropped off significantly. Babies and animals were used as subjects, and both avoided the "cliff" area
61
Afterimages are also know as the __________ effect
McCollough
62
Afterimages are perceived because of __________ receptors
fatigued
-
Our eyes have partially oppositional system for seeing colors. Once one side is overstimulated and fatigues, it can no longer respond and is overshadowed by its opposite. Explains why you see a dark afterimage after staring at a while light
63
__________ is the result of regeration of retinal pigment
dark adaptation
64
__________ factors into why we see what we expect to see
mental set
65
__________ is the overarching Gestalt idea that experience will be organized as meaningful, symmetrical, and simple whenever possible
Pragnanz
66
Gestalt ideas:
1. Closure
2. Proximity
3. Continuation or good continuation
4. Symmetry
5. Constancy (size and color)
6. Minimum principle
67
__________ the tendency to complete incomplete figures
Constancy
-
Gestalt idea
68
__________ is the tendency to group together items that are near each other
Proximity
-
Gestalt idea
69
__________ or good __________, is the tendency to create a whole or detailed figures based on our expectations rather than what is seen
continuity
-
Gestalt idea
70
__________ is the tendency to make figures out of symmetrical images
Symmetry
-
Gestalkt idea
71
__________ is how people perceive objects in the way that they are familiar with them, regardless of changes in the actual retinal image
```
Constancy
-
Gestalt idea
-
A book is perceived as rectangular in shape no matter what angle it is seen from. Size constancy is knowing that an elephant is large no matter how it might appear. Color constancy is knowing the color of an object even with tinted glasses on, for example.
```
72
__________ is the tendency to see what is easiest or logical to see
minimum principle
-
Gestalt idea
73
__________ can be perceived as two different things depending on how you look at them
ambiguous figures
-
Perceiving a duck and a bunny in the same image
74
__________ are ambiguous figures, such as the Rubin vase
Figure-ground reversal patterns
-
Image changes as two different things depending on which part you see as the figure and which you see as the ground
75
__________ are objects that have been drawn and can be perceived but are geometrically impossible
impossible objects
76
The __________ shows how context affects perception
moon illusion
-
Moon looks larger when we see it on a horizon than when we see it in the sky. This is because horizon contains visual cues that make the moon seem more distant than the overhead sky.
77
The __________ phenomenon is the tendency to perceive smooth motion
Phi
-
Explains why motion is inferred when there actually is none. Often by flashing lights or rapidly showing still-frame pictures, such as cartoons.
78
The phi phenomenon is known to induce __________ motion
apparent
79
The __________ illusion is the most famous of all visual illusions
Muller-Lyer
-
Two horizontal lines with outward and inward facing arrowheads
80
The __________ illusion is when two horizontal lines of equal length appear unequal because of two vertical lines that slant inward
Ponzo
81
The __________ effect is the way that a single point of light viewed in darkness will appear to shake or move
autokinetic
82
The reason for the autokinetic effect is the constant __________ of our own eyes
movement
83
__________ shift is the way that perceived color brightness changes with the level of illumination in the room
Purkinje
-
With lower levels of illumination, the extremes of the color spectrum (especially red) are seen as less bright
84
Pattern recognition is most often explained by __________ and __________
template matching ; feature detection
-
In order to pick the letter o out of a page of letters, we would probably first concentrate only on letter with rounded edges and then look for one to match a typical o
85
__________ is the inability to recognize faces. Therefore, they cannot describe who's face they are seeing.
Prosopagnosia
86
__________ found that infants prefer relatively complex sensical displays
Robert Fantz
87
__________ addresses minimum levels of stimulation that are needed for detection
Threshold
88
__________ is the minimum amount of a stimuli that can be detected 50% of the time
Absolute threshold
89
__________ is also known as just noticeable difference or JND
differential threshold
90
__________ is the minimum difference that must occur between two stimuli, in order for them to be perceived as having different intensities
differential threshold
91
Differential threshold was defined by __________
E. H. Weber
92
__________ is the upper limit above which the stimuli can no longer be perceived
Terminal threshold
93
The lowest pitch sound a human can hear is the __________, whereas the highest pitch sound a human can hear is the __________
absolute threshold; terminal threshold
94
__________ applies to all senses but only to a limited range of intensities
Weber's Law
95
Weber's Law Formula:
K (the constant fraction) = Triangle I (increase in intensity needed for jnd) / I (original intensity)
96
Weber's law states that a stimulus needs to be increased by a __________ fraction of its __________ in order to be noticed as noticeably different
constant; original value
97
__________ is built on, and more complicated than, Weber's Law.
Fechner's Law
98
__________ says that the strength of a stimulus must be significantly increased to produce a slight difference in sensation
Fechner's Law
99
Fechner's Law Formula:
S (sensation strength) = k log R (a logarithm of the original intensity)
100
__________ suggests that subjects detect stimuli not only because they can but also because they want to
J. A. Swet's Theory of Signal Detection (TSD)
101
Swet's Theory of Signal Detection factors __________ into the picture, which changes the idea of purely mathematical equations and explains why subjects respond inconsistently.
motivation
102
Individuals being partly motivated by rewards and costs in detection is called __________
response bias
103
A __________ says you can detect a stimulus that is not there
false alarm
104
A __________ is correctly sensing a stimulus
hit
105
A __________ is failing to detect a present stimulus
miss
106
A __________ is rightly stating that no stimulus exists
correct rejection
107
__________ curves are graphical representations of a subject's sensitivity to a stimulus
Receiver operating characteristic (ROC)
108
The __________ or physical intensity of a sound wave largely determines loudness
amplitude
109
__________ , the pace of vibrations or sound waves per second for a particular sound, determines pitch
Frequency
110
Frequency is measured in __________ , and humans best hear frequencies around __________
hertz (Hz); 1000 Hz
111
Low frequency is perceived as __________
low pitch or low tone and visa versa
112
__________ comes from the complexity of the sound wave
Timbre
113
There are __________ major parts of the ear
three
1. Outer
2. Middle
3. Inner
114
Outer ear consists of the parts that you see called the __________ and the __________
pinna; auditory canal
115
Vibrations from sound move down the __________ to the middle ear
auditory canal
116
Middle ear begins with the __________, which is stretched across the auditory canal
tympanic membrane
117
The tympanic membrane is also known as the __________
ear drum
118
Behind the tympanic membrane are the __________ , (three small bones), the last of which is the __________
ossicles; stapes
119
Sound vibrations bump against the __________ , causing the ossicles to vibrateW
tympanic membrane
120
The inner ear is responsible for both __________ and __________
hearing; balance
121
The inner ear begins with the __________ , which is tapped upon by the __________
oval window; stapes
122
Vibrations of the stapes activate the fluid filled, snail-shell like __________, which contain the ear parts for hearing
cochlea
123
The movement of the cochlear fluid activates the hair-cell receptor on the __________ and __________ .
1. basilar membrane
| 2. organ of corti
124
Movement on the basilar membrane is called the __________
traveling wave
125
The __________ (which also respond to hair movement) are sensitive to tilt and provide our sense of balance
vestibular sacs
126
Receptor cells in the inner ear activate nerve cells that change the information into an _____________ the brain can process
Electrical message
127
The auditory system that leads to the auditory cortex consist of the:
1. Olivary nucleus
2. Inferior colliculus
3. Medial geniculate body
128
_____________ is also famous for the place-resonance theory of sound perception
Hermann Von Helmholtz
129
The _____________ theory states that different parts of the basilar membrane respond to different frequencies
Place-resonance theory
130
The degree to which one of our ears hears a sound prior to and more intensely than the other can give us information about the origin of the sound is called _____________
Sound localization
131
In sound localization, high frequency sounds are localized by _____________, whereas low frequency sounds are localized by _____________
Intensity differences; phase differences
132
_____________ is often used in studies of auditory perception and selective attention
Dichotic presentation
133
In _____________ tasks, subjects are asked to shadow or repeat one of the messages to ensure that the other message is not consciously attended to
Dichotic presentation
134
Hair receptors in the nostrils send their messages to the _____________, which lies at the base of the rain
Olfactory bulb
135
Smell has been strongly connected to _____________ and the perception of _____________
Memory; taste
136
Humans distinguish 5 basic tastes:
Sweet, bitter, sour, salty, and umami (meaty/savory)
137
Taste receptors are called the _____________ or _____________
Taste buds; papillae
138
Human skin have 5 senses:
Touch, pain, cold, and warmth
139
_____________ in the skin detect pain and temperature changes
Free nerve endings
140
_____________ are receptors in skin that detect touch or contact
Meissner's corpuscles
141
_____________ are touch receptors that respond quickly to displacements of skin
Pacinian corpuscles
142
The size of the _____________ for touch is largely determined by the density and layout of nerves in the skin
Two-point threshold
143
_____________ is the temperature that is sensed as neither warm nor cold
Physiological zero
144
_____________ and _____________ came up with the Gate Control Theory of Pain
Ronald Melzack; Patrick Wall
145
The _____________ looks at pain as a process rather than just a simple sensation governed in one center in the brain
Gate control theory of pain
146
_____________ and _____________ assert that pain perception is related to the interaction of large and small nerve fibers that run to and from the _____________
Melzack; Wall; spine
147
Pain may or may not be perceived depending on different factors, such as _____________
Cognition
148
_____________ occurs when amputees feel sensations of pain in limbs that have been amputated and no longer exist
Phantom limb pain
149
_____________ are neuromodulators that kick in to reduce or eliminate the perception of pain
Endorphins
150
The _____________ reflex is the sentence to turn toward an object that has touched you
Orienting
151
_____________ use perceptual cues to make artificial situations seem real
Simulations
152
_____________ is the process of tuning in to something specific (like what your date is saying) while ignoring all of the other stimuli in the background
Selective attention
153
_____________ is perceiving a stimulus that one is not consciously aware of, such as the unattended message in dichotic presentation or visual information that is briefly presented
Subliminal perception
154
_____________ or _____________ is information from receptors in joints and muscles that tell us about the positioning of our own body
Kinesthetic sense; proprioception
155
_____________ deal with thirst
Osmoreceptors
