Chapter 6 - Thinking Flashcards

1
Q

_______________ is the study of thinking, processing, and reasoning

A

Cognitive Psychology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

________ are how one represents the relationships between two things.

A

Concepts

We organize our world through concepts. “A bird is an animal that has wings and flies”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

__________ are ideas used to test relationships and then to form concepts.

A

Hypothesis.

“Animals with wings are the ones that fly”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

_________ or ____ is the preconceived notion of how to look at a problem.

A

Mental set / set

May help future problem solving. “A bird cage is good for housing birds”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

A ______ is an organized bunch of knowledge gathered from prior experience that includes ideas about specific events or objects and the attributes that accompany them

A

Schema

I.e, “bird schema” may include wings, feathers, flying, and worms. But bird schema may change when someone learns that penguins are birds who swim instead of fly, and eat fish instead of worms. So they adjust their schema.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

________ are ideas about the way events typically unfold

A

Scripts

I.e, When people go to the movies, they sit quietly in their seats.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Prototypes are the _______ or ______ type g event or object.

A

Representative / usual

Ex - A scientist is someone who is good in math and does not write poetry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

________ is having a new perspective on an old problem.

A

Insight

I.e, The A-Ha! Experience

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

____________ thinking is the type of thinking used to find the one solution to a problem

A

Convergent

I.e, Math

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Convergent and divergent thinking were first defined by __________

A

J.P Guilford

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

_________ thinking is used when more than one possibility exists in a situation

A

Divergent

I.e, Playing chess or creative thinking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

In a group, the presence of a ________ leads to divergent thinking

A

Dissenter

Or… a “protester”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

________________ is the idea that people develop closed minds about the functions of certain objects

A

From this, they cannot think of creative uses or think divergently. “A bird cage is only good for housing birds”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

____________ is the sum total of possible moves that one might make in order to solve a problem

A

Problem space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Problem solving strategies that consider every possible solution and eventually hit in the correct solution are called __________

A

May take a great deal of time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Problem-solving strategies that use rules of thumb or short-cuts based on what has worked in the past are called ___________

A

Cannot guarantee a solution but is faster than an algorithm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

__________ refers to the process of thinking about your own thinking.

A

Might involve knowing what solving strategies to apply and when to apply them, or knowing how to adapt your thinking to new situations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

_________ is the intervening mental process that occurs between stimulus and response.

A

Reminds us what to do or how to respond based on ideas or past learning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

________________ are designed to solve problems as humans do

A

Computer simulation models

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Name two individuals who are affiliated with the computer simulation model, called the “logic theorist” and then revamped to the general problem solver.

A
  1. Allan Newell

2. Herbert Simon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

__________ leads to a specific conclusion that must follow from the information given

A

“All coats are blue. She wears a coat. Therefore, her coat must be blue”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

__________ leads to general rules that are inferred from specifics

A

“Most of the Ph.D students I know studied hard for their GRE. Therefore, studying hard probably helps one do well on the test and then get into school”

23
Q

Name 3 logical reasoning errors.

A
  1. Atmosphere Effect
  2. Semantic Effect
  3. Confirmation Bias
24
Q

__________ is when a conclusion is influenced by the way information is phrased

A

Atmosphere Effect

25
Q

__________ is believing in conclusions because of what you know or think to be correct rather than what logically follows from the information given

A

Semantic Effect

26
Q

Remembering and using information that confirms what you already think is called the __________

A

Confirmation Bias

27
Q

Working on solving a problem until an acceptable solution is found is called __________

A

decision making

28
Q

Common __________ techniques include making a list of pros and cons, flipping a coin, divination (i.e., tarot cards), and consulting an expert

A

decision making

29
Q

Research indicates that the process of reaching a solution is usually based on some sort of __________

A

assumption

30
Q

__________ has a definition that is frequently debated; however, most people tend to agree that __________ is the capacity to use knowledge to improve achievement in an environment

A

intelligence

31
Q

List some types of intelligence that have been proposed:

A
  1. Linguistic
  2. Logical
  3. Spatial
  4. Musical
  5. Bodily movement
  6. Emotional
32
Q

__________ is most frequently used to measure cognitive processing

A

Reaction time

33
Q

Another word for reaction time is __________

A

Latency

34
Q

Response speed for all types of tasks __________ significantly with age

A

declines

35
Q

__________ and __________ suggested that people ahave hierarchical semantic networks in their memory that group together related items.

A
  1. Elizabeth Loftus

2. Allan Collins

36
Q

__________ and __________ assert that people make decisions about the relationship between items by searching their cognitive semantic hierarchies.

A
  1. Allan Collins
  2. ## Ross QuillanThe further apart in the hierarchy, the longer it will take to see a connection
37
Q

The searching and cognitive semantic hierarchies has been termed __________ or (__________).

A

Parallel distributive processing / connectionism

38
Q

It takes longer to make associations between __________ than between words

A

Probably because pictures must mentally be put into words before associations can be made

39
Q

__________ in a word-recognition task is the presentation of a related item (such as “test”) before the next items (such as “GRE”)

A

Semantic priming

40
Q

Semantic priming decreases reaction time because it activates the node of the __________ item in the semantic hierarchy

A

It would take longer for subjects to recognize the acronym “GRE” if it were preceded by the word LOBSTER rather than by the word TEST

41
Q

__________ explains the decreased speed of naming the color of ink used to print words when the color of ink and the word itself are of different colors

A

Stroop effect

42
Q

__________ is recognizing an items or pattern from data or details

A

Bottom-up processing

43
Q

Bottom-up processing is __________ driven

A

data

44
Q

Top-down processing is guided by __________ concepts than bottom-up proccesing

A

larger

45
Q

__________ is when a task is effortlessly done because the task is subsumed under a higher organization process

A

automatic processing

46
Q

__________ and __________ are indicators of information processing while reading

A
  1. Eye movements

2. Gaze durations

47
Q

Eye movements from one fixation point to another are called __________

A

saccades

48
Q

The __________ claims that bodily reactions to situations cause emotion

A

First the physiological responses are presented (crying, trembling); then we feel the emotion that comes with these bodily reactions. We feel scared because we are trembling.

49
Q

The __________ asserts that emotions and bodily reactions occur simultaneously.

A

In emotional situations, our body is cued to react in the brain (emotion) and in the body (biological response). We tremble and feel scared in response to danger

50
Q

The Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion is also known as __________.

A

Emergency theory

51
Q

Name two theorists who proposed the cognitive theory of emotion.

A
  1. Stanley Schachter

2. Jerome Singer

52
Q

Which theory is similar to the James-Lange Theory?

A

Also asserts emotions are the product of physiological reactions

53
Q

Schachter and Singer claim that __________ are the missing link in the chain between physiological reactions and emotions.

A

Since many different situations produce similar bodily reactions, how we interpret the state is key