Chapter 6 - Thinking Flashcards
_______________ is the study of thinking, processing, and reasoning
Cognitive Psychology
________ are how one represents the relationships between two things.
Concepts
We organize our world through concepts. “A bird is an animal that has wings and flies”
__________ are ideas used to test relationships and then to form concepts.
Hypothesis.
“Animals with wings are the ones that fly”
_________ or ____ is the preconceived notion of how to look at a problem.
Mental set / set
May help future problem solving. “A bird cage is good for housing birds”
A ______ is an organized bunch of knowledge gathered from prior experience that includes ideas about specific events or objects and the attributes that accompany them
Schema
I.e, “bird schema” may include wings, feathers, flying, and worms. But bird schema may change when someone learns that penguins are birds who swim instead of fly, and eat fish instead of worms. So they adjust their schema.
________ are ideas about the way events typically unfold
Scripts
I.e, When people go to the movies, they sit quietly in their seats.
Prototypes are the _______ or ______ type g event or object.
Representative / usual
Ex - A scientist is someone who is good in math and does not write poetry
________ is having a new perspective on an old problem.
Insight
I.e, The A-Ha! Experience
____________ thinking is the type of thinking used to find the one solution to a problem
Convergent
I.e, Math
Convergent and divergent thinking were first defined by __________
J.P Guilford
_________ thinking is used when more than one possibility exists in a situation
Divergent
I.e, Playing chess or creative thinking
In a group, the presence of a ________ leads to divergent thinking
Dissenter
Or… a “protester”
________________ is the idea that people develop closed minds about the functions of certain objects
From this, they cannot think of creative uses or think divergently. “A bird cage is only good for housing birds”
____________ is the sum total of possible moves that one might make in order to solve a problem
Problem space
Problem solving strategies that consider every possible solution and eventually hit in the correct solution are called __________
May take a great deal of time
Problem-solving strategies that use rules of thumb or short-cuts based on what has worked in the past are called ___________
Cannot guarantee a solution but is faster than an algorithm
__________ refers to the process of thinking about your own thinking.
Might involve knowing what solving strategies to apply and when to apply them, or knowing how to adapt your thinking to new situations
_________ is the intervening mental process that occurs between stimulus and response.
Reminds us what to do or how to respond based on ideas or past learning
________________ are designed to solve problems as humans do
Computer simulation models
Name two individuals who are affiliated with the computer simulation model, called the “logic theorist” and then revamped to the general problem solver.
- Allan Newell
2. Herbert Simon
__________ leads to a specific conclusion that must follow from the information given
“All coats are blue. She wears a coat. Therefore, her coat must be blue”
__________ leads to general rules that are inferred from specifics
“Most of the Ph.D students I know studied hard for their GRE. Therefore, studying hard probably helps one do well on the test and then get into school”
Name 3 logical reasoning errors.
- Atmosphere Effect
- Semantic Effect
- Confirmation Bias
__________ is when a conclusion is influenced by the way information is phrased
Atmosphere Effect
