Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology > Chapter 8: Photosynthesis > Flashcards

Chapter 8: Photosynthesis Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Which organisms use photosynthesis?

A

Plants, algae and cyanobacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

photoautotroph

A

organism that use sunlight to make their own food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

heterotroph

A

organism that relies on other organisms for food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

chemoautrotroph

A

organism that uses energy from inorganic chemical compounds to make their own food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

GA3P

A

glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the general equation for photosynthesis?

A

Carbon dioxide + water -light-> sugar + oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the general equation for photosynthesis using chemical symbols?

A

6CO2 + 6H2O -light-> C6H12O6 + 6O2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

mesophyll

A

middle layer of cells in a lead where photosynthesis occurs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

stoma

A

small regulated openings on a leaf’s underside that exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Why are stomata on the undersides of leaves?

A

To prevent water loss from high temperatures created by the sun

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are stomata surrounded by?

A

Guard cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the role of guard cells around stomata?

A

They swell or shrink in size to regulate the opening and closing of stomata

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

chloroplast

A

organelle where photosynthesis occurs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the structure of a chloroplast?

A

It has an outer and inner membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Where are chloroplasts thought to have come from?

A

They were derived from photosynthetic cyanobacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

thylakoid

A

disc-shaped structure in a chloroplast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

pigment

A

molecule that absorbs light

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

chlorophyll

A

pigment in a chloroplast that is responsible for the initial interaction between light and a plant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is embedded in the thylakoid membrane?

A

Chlorophyll and proteins that make up the electron transport chain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

thylakoid lumen

A

space that the thylakoid membrane surrounds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

granum

A

stack of thylakoids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

stroma

A

liquid that fills the space in the inner membrane of a chloroplast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the two parts of photosynthesis?

A

The light-dependent and light-independent reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

light-dependent reactions

A

energy from the sun is harvested and stored as chemical energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

light-independent reactions

A

chemical energy harvested from light-dependent reactions is used to assemble sugar molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What wavelengths of light can humans see?

A

700nm to 400nm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What wavelengths of light can plants absorb?

A

700nm to 400nm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Why do organic pigments have such a narrow range of light they can absorb?

A

Energy levels lower than red light aren’t energetic enough and energy levels higher than blue light will tear molecules apart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

photobleaching

A

when molecules are damaged or torn apart due to absorbing light with too much energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What are the two main types of photosynthetic pigments found in plants and algae?

A

Chlorophylls and carotenoids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What are the five main types of chlorophyll?

A

Chlorophylls a, b, c, d and bacteriochlorophyll

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

carotenoid

A

pigment that is effective at disposing excess energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Why are carotenoids useful in plants?

A

Since light-dependent reactions process a lot of energy, energy not processed can be harmful

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

absorption spectrum

A

range of wavelengths that can be absorbed by a substance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Which wavelengths do carotenoids reflect?

A

Yellow-orange-red wavelengths

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What are the structural differences between chlorophyll a and b?

A

Chlorophyll b has an extra double bound oxygen and single bound hydrogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

spectrophotometer

A

instrument used to measure reflected light and determine which wavelengths a substance can absorb

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

photosystem

A

group of proteins and pigments that are used in light-dependent reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What are the two types of photosystems?

A

Photosystem I and photosystem II

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What is the difference between photosystem I and II?

A

PSII gains its electrons from splitting water, and PSI gains its electrons from the electron transport chain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What wavelengths of light can humans see?

A

700nm to 400nm

42
Q

What wavelengths of light can plants absorb?

A

700nm to 400nm

43
Q

Why do organic pigments have such a narrow range of light they can absorb?

A

Energy levels lower than red light aren’t energetic enough and energy levels higher than blue light will tear molecules apart

44
Q

photobleaching

A

when molecules are damaged or torn apart due to absorbing light with too much energy

45
Q

What is the reaction centre composed of?

A

A complex of organic molecules which surround a pair of special chlorophylls and a primary electron acceptor

46
Q

What are the five main types of chlorophyll?

A

Chlorophylls a, b, c, d and bacteriochlorophyll

47
Q

carotenoid

A

pigment that is effective at disposing excess energy

48
Q

Why are carotenoids useful in plants?

A

Since light-dependent reactions process a lot of energy, energy not processed can be harmful

49
Q

absorption spectrum

A

range of wavelengths that can be absorbed by a substance

50
Q

Which wavelengths do carotenoids reflect?

A

Yellow-orange-red wavelengths

51
Q

What are the structural differences between chlorophyll a and b?

A

Chlorophyll b has an extra double bound oxygen and single bound hydrogen

52
Q

spectrophotometer

A

instrument used to measure reflected light and determine which wavelengths a substance can absorb

53
Q

photosystem

A

group of proteins and pigments that are used in light-dependent reactions

54
Q

What are the two types of photosystems?

A

Photosystem I and photosystem II

55
Q

plastocyanin

A

copper protein that transfers electrons from the cytochrome complex to photosystem I

56
Q

antenna protein

A

proteins to which chlorophyll is bound to and surrounds the reaction centre

57
Q

reaction centre

A

area in a photosystem where the photochemistry occurs

58
Q

light-harvesting complex

A

passes harvested energy from the sun to the reaction centre

59
Q

What is the light-harvesting complex made of?

A

Multiple antenna proteins that contain many pigments

60
Q

P700

A

the reaction centre in photosystem I

61
Q

photoact

A

ejection of an electron from the reaction centre using energy absorbed from light

62
Q

P680

A

reaction centre of photosystem II

63
Q

primary electron acceptor

A

molecule that accepts an electron from the reaction centre

64
Q

How is an electron passed on to the primary electron acceptor from a photosystem?

A

Photons absorbed are passed on to the chlorophyll pair in the reaction centre, which excites an electron into a higher energy level, which is passed on to the primary electron acceptor

65
Q

What is water split into by photosystem II?

A

Water is split into two electrons, two hydrogens and one oxygen

66
Q

What happens to the oxygen in water split by photosystem II?

A

About ten percent is used in oxidative phosphorylation and the rest is released into the atmosphere as a byproduct

67
Q

What happens to the hydrogen in water split by photosystem II?

A

It accumulates in the thylakoid lumen to be used later

68
Q

cytochrome complex

A

enzyme that transfers electrons from plastoquinone to plastocyanin

69
Q

plastoquinone

A

electron carrier molecule that delivers electrons to the cytochrome complex

70
Q

plastocyanin

A

protein that transfers electrons from the cytochrome complex to photosystem I

71
Q

plastoquinol

A

the oxidised form of plastoquinone

72
Q

What happens to electrons as they pass through the cytochrome complex?

A

Their energy is used to pump hydrogen ions into the thylakoid lumen

73
Q

Why is the reaction centre in photosystem II called P680?

A

It absorbs light with a wavelength of 680nm

74
Q

Why is the reaction centre in photosystem I called P700?

A

It absorbs light with a wavelength of 700nm

75
Q

P700

A

the reaction centre in photosystem I

76
Q

ferredoxin

A

iron-sulphur protein that transports electrons from photosystem I to NADP+ reductase

77
Q

What are the two pathways of electron transport in PSI?

A

Noncyclic electron transport and cyclic electron transport

78
Q

What happens in noncyclic electron transport?

A

Electrons from PSI are transferred to ferredoxin and then to NADP+ reductase to produce NADPH

79
Q

What happens in cyclic electron transport?

A

Electrons from PSI are transferred to ferredoxin then to the cytochrome complex pump via plastoquinone, then back to PSI via plastocyanin

80
Q

How is the amount of ATP and NADPH controlled?

A

By alternating between cyclic and noncyclic electron transport

81
Q

How is ATP produced during light-dependent reactions?

A

The accumulated protons in the thylakoid lumen diffuse through ATP synthase to the stroma

82
Q

Calvin cycle

A

light-independent reactions that convert CO2 into sugars using ATP and NADPH

83
Q

What happens in the regeneration stage of the Calvin cycle?

A

One G3P out of six produced is used to contribute to making sugars, and the rest are regenerated into RuBP

84
Q

What are the three components that start the Calvin cycle?

A

Carbon dioxide, RuBisCO and RuBP

85
Q

RuBisCO

A

enzyme that catalyses the reaction between CO2 and RuBP

86
Q

RuBP

A

ribulose bisphosphate

87
Q

What is created when CO2 and RuBP react with each other?

A

3-phospho glyceric acid

88
Q

3-PGA

A

3-phospho glyceric acid

89
Q

What is the general structure of RuBP?

A

It has a five carbon backbone and is flanked by two phosphates

90
Q

How many carbon dioxides and RuBPs are needed to start the Calvin cycle?

A

One CO2 and one RuBP

91
Q

How much 3-PGA is produced from one CO2 and one RuBP?

A

Two molecules of 3-PGA

92
Q

carbon fixation

A

process of converting inorganic carbon dioxide into organic molecules

93
Q

What happens in the fixation stage of the Calvin cycle?

A

Carbon dioxide and RuBP are converted to 3-PGA

94
Q

What happens in the reduction stage of the Calvin cycle?

A

3-PGA is converted to G3P using ATP and NADPH

95
Q

G3P

A

glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate

96
Q

How is 3-PGA converted to G3P?

A

3-PGA is reduced to G3P using ATP and NADPH

97
Q

How much ATP and NADHP is used in the reduction stage of the Calvin cycle?

A

Six ATP and six NADPH

98
Q

What happens in the regeneration stage of the Calvin cycle?

A

One G3P out of six produced is used to contribute to making sugars, and the rest are regenerated into RuBP

99
Q

How many turns of the Calvin cycle does it take to export one G3P?

A

Three turns creates six G3Ps, which is enough to export one G3P

100
Q

How is G3P regenerated into RuBP?

A

ATP is used to turn G3P into RuBP

101
Q

How much ATP is used in the regeneration stage of the Calvin cycle?

A

Three ATP

Biology (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions