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Biology > Chapter 4: Cell Structure > Flashcards

Chapter 4: Cell Structure Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Robert Hooke

A

dude who first observed cells

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2
Q

What did Robert Hooke first observe?

A

Cells in a cork

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3
Q

Antony van Leeuwenhoek

A

dude who first observed single-celled organisms

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4
Q

What did Leeuwenhoek call the single-celled organisms he observed?

A

Animalcules

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5
Q

Micrographia

A

publication where Hooke published his findings

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6
Q

Who contributed to the cell theory?

A

Matthias Schleiden, Theodor Schwaan and Rudolf Virchow

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7
Q

What does the unified cell theory state?

A
  1. All organisms are composed of cells
  2. The cell is the basic unit of life
  3. All cells come from existing cells
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8
Q

nucleoid

A

central part of prokaryotic cell where its DNA is stored

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9
Q

What type of cell wall do many prokaryotes have?

A

A peptidoglycan cell wall

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10
Q

What do some prokaryotes have that surrounds their cell wall?

A

A polysaccharide capsule

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11
Q

What types of structures do some prokaryotic cells have on their outside?

A

Flagella, pili and fimbriae

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12
Q

flagellum

A

tail-like structure used by cells for movement

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13
Q

pilus

A

exchanges genetic material between cells

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14
Q

fimbria

A

used to attach to host cells

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15
Q

Why do cells need to be small?

A

Due to the decreasing area-to-volume ratio as size increases, the cell would function less efficiently

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16
Q

Are prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells smaller?

A

Prokaryotic cells are smaller

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17
Q

microvillus

A

finger-like structures in a cell membrane that specialises in absorption

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18
Q

celiac disease

A

where gluten consumption damages microvilli and individuals cannot absorb nutrients

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19
Q

plasma membrane

A

phospholipid bilayer that separates inside and outside of cell

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20
Q

cytoplasm

A

entire region of cell from plasma membrane to nuclear envelope

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21
Q

cytosol

A

gel-like liquid in which cell organelles are suspended in

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22
Q

nucleus

A

houses the cell’s DNA and controls protein synthesis

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23
Q

nuclear envelope

A

double-membrane structure that is the outermost part of the nucleus

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24
Q

What is the nuclear envelope made of?

A

It is a phospholipid bilayer

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25
Q

nuclear pore

A

holes that control what goes in and out of the nucleus

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26
Q

nucleoplasm

A

semi-solid fluid that fills the nucleus

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27
Q

How is DNA stored in prokaryotes?

A

There is one single chromosome that is a closed loop

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28
Q

chromosome

A

structure that contains DNA

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29
Q

How is DNA stored in eukaryotes?

A

There are multiple linear chromosomes

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30
Q

chromatin

A

substance made of DNA attached to proteins

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31
Q

What are chromosomes made of?

A

Chromatin

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32
Q

nucleolus

A

dark-staining area of nucleus that assembles ribosome subunits

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33
Q

polyribosome

A

cluster of ribososmes

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34
Q

What are the two subunits of ribosomes?

A

Large and small subunits

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35
Q

mitrochondrion

A

powerhouse of the cell

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36
Q

cristae

A

inner folds of mitochondria

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37
Q

mitochondrial matrix

A

area that is surrounded by cristae

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38
Q

How many membranes do mitochondria have?

A

Two membranes

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39
Q

What are mitochondrial membranes made of?

A

Phospholipid bilayer

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40
Q

peroxisome

A

carries out oxidation reactions that break down fatty acids and amino acids

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41
Q

What do peroxisomes usually release in oxidation reactions?

A

Hydrogen peroxide

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42
Q

hydrogen peroxide

A

H2O2

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43
Q

Is hydrogen peroxide harmful to cells?

A

Yes

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44
Q

How do peroxisomes prevent hydrogen peroxide from damaging the cell?

A

Peroxisomes confine the H2O2 and with enzymes, break it down into oxygen and water

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45
Q

glyoxysome

A

specialised peroxisomes in plants that convert stored fats into sugars

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46
Q

vesicle

A

membrane-bound sacs in the cell

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47
Q

vacuole

A

membrane-bound sacs in the cell

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48
Q

What are the differences between vesicles and vacuoles?

A

Vesicles can fuse with other membranes and are smaller whereas vacuoles cannot fuse and are larger

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49
Q

What are the functions of vacuoles and vesicles?

A

They are used for storage and transport

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50
Q

centrosome

A

microtubule-organising area near the nucleus

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51
Q

centriole

A

cylinder-shaped structures that are involved in cell division

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52
Q

What cells are centrosomes found in?

A

Animal cells only

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53
Q

What is the centrosome made of?

A

Two centrioles

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54
Q

How are centrioles orientated?

A

They lie perpendicular to each other

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55
Q

What is a centriole made of?

A

Nine triplets of microtubules held together by nontubulin proteins

56
Q

lysosome

A

organelle that breaks down waste in cells

57
Q

What cells are lysosomes found in?

A

Animal cells

58
Q

How do lysosomes break down waste?

A

Enzymes in lysosomes break down waste

59
Q

How does the pH in lysosomes and the cytoplasm differ?

A

The pH in lysosomes is more acidic than the cytoplasm

60
Q

How is waste and other molecules broken down in plant cells?

A

Instead of lysosomes, molecules are broken down in vacuoles

61
Q

What is the plant cell wall mainly made of?

A

Cellulose

62
Q

How many membranes do chloroplasts have?

A

Two

63
Q

chloroplast intermembrane space

A

space between a chloroplast’s inner and outer membrane

64
Q

thylakoid

A

fluid-filled membrane sacs in chloroplasts

65
Q

granum

A

a stack of thylakoids

66
Q

stroma

A

fluid inside of the inner membrane of a chloroplast

67
Q

central vacuole

A

large, central vacuole in a plant cell

68
Q

What is stored in the central vacuole?

A

Mainly water

69
Q

Why do plants will when they are not watered enough?

A

When water concentration in the soil is lower than inside plant cells, water from the vacuole and cytoplasm moves out and the cell shrinks

70
Q

endomembrane system

A

a group of organelles that work together to modify, pack and transport lipids and proteins

71
Q

What organelles made up the endomembrane system?

A

Nuclear envelope, lysosomes, vesicles, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatuses and the plasma membrane

72
Q

endoplasmic reticulum

A

membranous sacs and tubules that modifies proteins and synthesises lipids

73
Q

lumen

A

space inside the ER’s tubules

74
Q

cisternal space

A

space inside the ER’s tubules space

75
Q

What is another name for the lumen in the ER?

A

Cisternal space

76
Q

Where do proteins synthesised by ribosomes go?

A

To the lumen in the RER

77
Q

Where are phospholipids produced?

A

In the RER

78
Q

How are modified proteins transported from the RER?

A

In a transport vesicle

79
Q

What are the roles of the SER?

A

Synthesising carbohydrates, lipids and steroid hormones, detoxifying poisons and storing calcium ions

80
Q

sacroplasmic reticulum

A

specialised SER in muscle cells that store calcium ions required for muscle cells

81
Q

Where do transport vesicles come from?

A

They bud from the ER

82
Q

What is the role of the Golgi apparatus?

A

They sort, tag, package and distribute lipids and proteins

83
Q

cisterna

A

flattened membrane disk in the ER and Golgi apparatus

84
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

organelle made of

a series of cisternae

85
Q

cis face

A

side of Golgi apparatus that modified proteins from the ER first enter

86
Q

trans face

A

side of Golgi apparatus where proteins leave

87
Q

What is the most frequent modification that Golgi apparatuses make?

A

They add short sugar molecule chains

88
Q

How do proteins and other molecules leave the Golgi apparatus?

A

Vesicles bud off from the trans face and they carry proteins to their final destination

89
Q

What additional role do Golgi apparatuses have in plant cells?

A

They synthesise polysaccharides

90
Q

What immune role do lysosomes have?

A

They use their digestive enzymes to destroy pathogens

91
Q

phagocytosis

A

when a cell folds part of its membrane in to engulf something

92
Q

How do lysosomes destroy engulfed pathogens?

A

Lysosome membrane fuses with the engulfed area in which the pathogen is in, and the lysosome’s enzymes destroy pathogen

93
Q

cytoskeleton

A

network of protein fibres in a cell

94
Q

What is the function of the cytoskeleton?

A

To support the cell, secure organelles in place and help the cell move

95
Q

What are the three types of fibres in the cytoskeleton?

A

Microfilaments, intermediate filaments and microtubules

96
Q

Which cytoskeleton fibre is the narrowest?

A

Microfilaments

97
Q

What is the role of microfilaments?

A

They help in cellular movement

98
Q

What is the diameter of a microfilament?

A

About 7 nanometers

99
Q

What are microfilaments made up of?

A

Two intertwined strands of actin proteins

100
Q

What is another name for microfilaments?

A

Actin filaments

101
Q

What powers actin to assemble into filaments?

A

ATP

102
Q

Why are microfilaments good for cellular movement?

A

They can depolymerise and reform quickly so the cell can change shape quickly

103
Q

What is the structure of intermediate filaments?

A

They consist of several fibrous proteins wound together

104
Q

What is the diameter of intermediate filaments?

A

8 to 10 nanometers

105
Q

What is the role of intermediate filaments?

A

To provide structure to the cell

106
Q

dimer

A

two molecules bound together

107
Q

What is the structure of microtubules?

A

A tube composed of 13 polymerised dimers of alpha-tubulin and beta-tubulin

108
Q

What is the diameter of a microtubule?

A

About 25 nanometers

109
Q

What is the widest fibre in the cytoskeleton?

A

Microtubules

110
Q

What are the roles of microtubules?

A

They provide structure and help in vesicle movement and cell division

111
Q

What are microtubules the structural elements to?

A

Flagella, cilia and centrioles

112
Q

cillium

A

short, hair-like structure used to move a cell or substances along the outer surface of a cell

113
Q

9+2 array

A

the common structure that both flagella and cilia share

114
Q

What is the structure of flagella and cilia

A

They are both in the 9+2 array where a ring of nine microtubule doublets surrounds a single microtubule doublet in the centre

115
Q

extracellular matrix

A

network of extracellular macromolecules

116
Q

What are the main components of the extracellular matrix?

A

Collagen fibres interwoven with glycoproteins

117
Q

glycoprotein

A

carbohydrate-containing protein molecules

118
Q

What is the role of the extracellular matrix?

A

It holds cells together and allows them to communicate with each other

119
Q

Where are microfilaments located?

A

They surround the cell’s inner edge

120
Q

plasmodesma

A

channel between two adjacent cells that allows cells to pass materials to each other

121
Q

What type of cells do plasmodesata occur in?

A

Plant cells

122
Q

tight junction

A

watertight seal between two adjacent cells

123
Q

How are tight junctions held together?

A

By two proteins called claudin and occludin

124
Q

In what type of tissue are tight junctions typically found?

A

Epithelial tissue

125
Q

desmosome

A

linkage between two cells when cadherins connect to intermediate filaments of adjacent cells

126
Q

cadherin

A

glycoprotein that connects intermediate filaments of adjacent cells in desmosomes

127
Q

connexin

A

protein that is involved in creating gap junctions

128
Q

connexon

A

tube-like structure made of six connexin proteins

129
Q

What type of cell are tight junctions found in?

A

Animal cells

130
Q

What type of cell are desmosomes found in?

A

Animal cells

131
Q

gap junction

A

channel between adjacent cells that allow for transportation of materials

132
Q

What type of cell are gap junctions found in?

A

Animal cells

133
Q

What are the ways plant cells can communicate with direct contact or intercellular junctions?

A

Plasmodesmata

134
Q

What are the ways animal cells can communicate with direct contact or intercellular junctions?

A

Tight junctions, desmosomes and gap junctions

135
Q

How are gap junctions formed?

A

When connexons from adjacent cells align, they form a channel between the two cells

Biology (9 decks)

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