Chapter 8 - Pathophysiology

Question 1

Glycolysis

Answer 1

When glucose crosses the cell membrane and gets broken down into pyruvic acid molecules. Occurs in the fluid portion of the cell and doesn’t require oxygen.

Question 2

Hydrostatic Pressure

Answer 2

Force inside the vessel or capillary bed being generated by the contraction of the heart and the blood pressure.

Question 3

Irritant Receptors

Answer 3

Found in the airway and are sensitive to irritating gases, aerosols, and particles.

Question 4

J-Receptors

Answer 4

Found in the alveoli near the surrounding capillaries and are sensitive to increases in pressure in the capillary.

Question 5

Larynx

Answer 5

Structure that contains the vocal chords and is lined by mucous a mucous membrane.

Question 6

Laryngeal Spasm

Answer 6

An obstruction of the airway that is caused by the vocal chords spasm and close together, which prevents air from passing through into the trachea.

Question 7

Microcirculation

Answer 7

Flow of blood through the smallest blood vessels - arterioles, capillaries, and veins.

Question 8

Minute Ventilation

Answer 8

Also known as minute volume, is the amount of air moved in and out of the lungs in one minute. Determined by multiplying the Tidal Volume by the frequency of ventilation in one minute.

Question 9

Nasopharynx

Answer 9

Portion of airway from the nostrils to the soft palate.

Question 10

Oropharynx

Answer 10

From mouth and soft palate to the epiglottis.

Question 11

Oxyhemoglobin

Answer 11

When the hemoglobin has oxygen

Question 12

Patent Airway

Answer 12

One that is not obstructed.

Question 13

Perfusion

Answer 13

Delivery of oxygen, glucose, and other substances to the cells and the elimination of waste products from the cells.

Question 14

Peripheral Chemoreceptors

Answer 14

Located in the aortic arch and the carotid bodies of the neck. Sensitive to CO2 and pH but mostly sensitive to oxygen in arterial blood.

Basically the gatekeeper/fact checker of the arteries.

Question 15

Plasma Oncotic Pressure

Answer 15

Colloid Oncotic/Oncotic Pressure. Responsible for keeping fluid inside the vessels. Exerts a pull inside the vessel.

Question 16

Pontine Respiratory Center

Answer 16

AKA Pneumotaxic center. Sends inhibitory impulses to ventral respiratory groups to turn off inhalation.

Question 17

Preload

Answer 17

Pressure generated in the left ventricle at the end of diastole (resting phase of cardiac cycle.) determined by available venous blood.

Question 18

Respiratory Control Centers

Answer 18

Three within the brainstem. Dorsal respiratory group, ventral respiration, and pontine respiratory.

Question 19

Stretch Receptors

Answer 19

Found in the smooth muscle of the airways and measure the size and volume of the lungs. Stimulate a decrease in the rate and volume of ventilation when stretched by high tidal volumes to protect the lungs from over inflating.

Question 20

Stroke Volume

Answer 20

Volume of blood ejected by the left ventricle with each contraction.

Question 21

Systemic Vascular Resistance

Answer 21

Resistance that is offered to blood flow through a vessel.

Question 22

Tidal Volume

Answer 22

Amount of air intake.

Question 23

Trachea

Answer 23

Entered through the larynx, extends downwards and bifurcated at the carina.

Question 24

Ventilation

Answer 24

Mechanical process that relies on changes in pressure inside the thorax to move air in and out of the lungs.

Question 25

Ventilation/Perfusion Ratio (V/Q)

Answer 25

Dynamic relationship between the amount of ventilation the alveoli receive and the amount of perfusion through capillaries surrounding the alveoli.

Question 26

Ventral Respiratory Group

Answer 26

Column of neurons located in the anterior portion of the medulla. Stimulates external intercostal muscles and the diaphragm causing them to contract.