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EMT > Chapter 7 - Anatomy, Physiology, and Medical Terminology > Flashcards

Chapter 7 - Anatomy, Physiology, and Medical Terminology Flashcards

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1
Q

Abdominal Quadrants

A

Referred to as if it were divided by horizontal and vertical lines drawn through the naval (umbilicus).

Right Upper Quadrant
Right Lower Quadrant
Left Upper Quadrant
Left Lower Quadrant

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2
Q

Abduction

A

A type of joint movement in which the movement is away from the midline.

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3
Q

Acetebulum

A

The hip joint which is made up of the pelvic socket.

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4
Q

Acromion

A

The tip of the shoulder girdle which is made up of the clavicle and scapula.

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5
Q

Adduction

A

Motion of moveable joints in which it is TOWARD the midline.

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6
Q

Aerobic Metabolism

A

When carbon dioxide is transported away from the cell and blown off by the lungs.

“With oxygen”

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7
Q

Agonal Respirations

A

Occasional gasping breaths that may be seen just before death.

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8
Q

Airway

A

The passageway for air from its entry into the body to the lungs (and outward from the lungs.)

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9
Q

Alveoli

A

Thousands of tiny air sacs at the ends of the bronchioles, each enclosed in a network of capillaries that form the respiratory membrane.

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10
Q

Anaerobic Metabolism

A

Process of metabolizing glucose without producing much energy.

“Without oxygen”

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11
Q

Anatomical Planes

A

Imaginary divisions of the body. Used to reference points of the body and indicate the internal body structure and the relationship of different groups of organs to others.

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12
Q

Anatomical Position

A

All references to the human body assume this.

The basic position used as the point of reference whenever terms of direction and location are used.

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13
Q

Anatomy

A

The structure of the body and the relationship of its parts to each other (how the body is made.)

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14
Q

Anterior Plane

A

Anterior means toward the front.

The patients front.

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15
Q

Anterior

A

Towards the front.

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16
Q

Aorta

A

The major artery from the heart, the aorta, lies in front of the spine and passes through the thoracic and abdominal cavities.

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17
Q

Aortic Valve

A

At the base of the aortic artery in the left ventricle.

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18
Q

Arteriole

A

An eventual branch-off of arteries which get smaller the farther they are from the heart.

An arteriole is the smallest kind of artery. They carry blood from the arteries to the capillaries.

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19
Q

Artery

A

Carries blood away from the heart. All arteries, except the pulmonary arteries carry oxygen-rich blood.

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20
Q

Aspiration

A

When liquid, blood, vomit, or another substance moves past the epiglottis and into the larynx, trachea, and alveoli.

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21
Q

Atria

A

The upper chambers of the heart which receive blood from the veins.

The right atria of receives oxygen-depleted blood from the veins of the body.

The left atrium received oxygen-rich blood from the pulmonary veins from the lungs.

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22
Q

Automaticity

A

The ability to generate impulse on ones own even when disconnected from the central nervous system.

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23
Q

Ball-and-socket Joint

A

Permits the widest range of motion - flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and rotation.

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24
Q

Bicuspid Valve

A

Also known as the Mitral valve. Between the left atrium and the left ventricle.

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25
Q

Bilateral

A

Refers to both left and right, meaning “on both sides.”

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26
Q

Blood Pressure

A

Force exerted by the blood on the interior walls of the arteries.

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27
Q

Brachial Arteries

A

Major artery of the upper arm. It’s pulsations can be felt at the front of the elbow and in the medial arm midway between the shoulder and elbow.

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28
Q

Brainstem

A

Contains the mesencephalon, the pons, and the medulla oblongata.

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29
Q

Bronchi

A

Distal portion of the trachea branches into two main tubes, one branching off to each lung.

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30
Q

Bronchioles

A

A subdivision of the bronchi, similar to the branches of a tree. Lined with smooth muscle and can constrict or dilate to certain stimuli.

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31
Q

Calcaneus

A

Heel bone. A part of the group of bones called the tarsals and make up the proximal portion of the foot.

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32
Q

Capillaries

A

A tiny blood vessel that connects an arteriole to a gentle, has walls that allow for the exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste at the cellular level.

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33
Q

Cardiac Muscle

A

Found in the walls of the heart, a special kind of involuntary muscle particularly suited for the work of the heart. Has automaticity.

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34
Q

Carotid Arteries

A

One on each side of the neck. Supply the brain and head with blood. Can be felt on either side of the neck.

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35
Q

Carpals

A

Eight bones within the wrist.

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36
Q

Central Nervous System

A

Consists of the brain and the spinal cord. Basically what’s inside the head.

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37
Q

Cerebellum

A

Also called the small brain. Is in the posterior and inferior aspect of the cranium. It coordinates muscle activity and maintains balance through impulses from the eyes and the ears. Can’t initiate muscle contraction, it can however hold muscles in a state of partial contraction.

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38
Q

Cerebrum

A

Outermost portion of the brain, the cerebrum occupies nearly all the cranial cavity. It controls specific body functions, such as sensation, thought, speech, and associative memory.

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39
Q

Cervical Spine

A

C1-C7 (neck). The first seven vertebrae form the cervical spine, which is the most prone to injury.

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40
Q

Circulatory System

A

Composed of the heart, blood vessels, and blood. Closed system that transports blood to all parts of the body.

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41
Q

Circumduction

A

A combination of the four preceding motions as is possible with the shoulder joint; conical movement, or movement through 360 degrees.

Movement of the joints.

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42
Q

Clavicle

A

Collarbone.

Form with the shoulder blade (scapula) to make a shoulder girdle.

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43
Q

Coccyx

A

A part of the spinal column.

Tailbone. The last four vertebrae are fused together and do not have the protrusions characteristic of the other vertebrae.

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44
Q

Combining Form

A

Foundation of the word and gives its essential meaning. Contains two parts: the root (medical meaning) and a combining vowel. The vowel helps join the root to another word part and makes the resulting whole word pronounceable.

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45
Q

Conchae

A

Three bony ridges located on the sides of the nasal cavity.

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46
Q

Condyloid Joint

A

This is a modified ball and socket joint that permits limited motion in two directions.

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47
Q

Coronal Plane

A

Also known as the frontal plane.

Divides the body into front and back halves.

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48
Q

Coronary Arteries

A

Vessels that supply the heart itself with blood.

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49
Q

Cranium

A

Forms the top, back, and sides of the skull plus the forehead.

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50
Q

Cricoid Cartelage

A

Most inferior cartilage. Only cartilage that forms a complete circumferential ring and it is the most inferior structure that connects with the trachea.

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51
Q

Dermis

A

Second layer of the skin is thicker than the epidermis. Contains the vast network of blood vessels that supply the skin as well as the hair follicles, sweat glands, oil glands, and sensory nerves.

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52
Q

Diaphragm

A

Powerful dome shaped muscle essential to breathing. Separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity.

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53
Q

Diastolic Blood Pressure

A

Exerted against the walls of the arteries when the left ventricle is at rest, or between contractions.

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54
Q

Digestion

A

Consists of two processes, one mechanical and the other chemical.

Mechanical - Chewing, swallowing, peristalsis (rhythmic movement of matter through the digestive tract), and defecation.

Chemical - enzymes or digestive juices breaks foods down.

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55
Q

Digestive System

A

Composed of the alimentary tract and the accessory organs. Ingests and carry food so that absorption can occur and waste can be eliminated.

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56
Q

Distal

A

Means distant. Far from the point of reference.

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57
Q

Dorsal

A

Toward the back or backbone (spine.)

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58
Q

Dorsalis Pedis Arteries

A

Artery in the foot. Can be felt on the top surface of the foot in the big-toe side.

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59
Q

Edema

A

Swelling occurring in the tissues. Produced by the capillaries leaking fluid.

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60
Q

Endocrine System

A

Made up of ductless glands, the body’s regulators.

Secretes hormones.

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61
Q

Epidermis

A

Outermost layer of skin, composed of four layers of cells. Outer two layers are dying cells. Deepest layer is melanin.

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62
Q

Epiglottis

A

Flexible cartilage which is attached to the thyroid cartilage and extends superiorly toward the tongue to form a flap.

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63
Q

Esophagus

A

??????

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64
Q

Extension

A

A type of joint movement.

Straightening away from the body or increasing the angle between the bones or parts of the body.

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65
Q

Extremities

A

The limbs of the body. Hip to toe is lower extremities.

Shoulder, arms, forearms, wrists, and hands are the upper extremities.

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66
Q

Face

A

Area between the brow and chin. Contains 14 bones, 13 of which are immovable and interlocking.

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67
Q

False Vocal Chords

A

Superior ligaments covered by mucous membranes. Also called vestibular folds.

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68
Q

Femoral Arteries

A

The major artery of the thigh and supplies the groin and leg with blood. Pulsations of the femoral artery can be felt in the groin at the crease between the abdomen and the thigh.

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69
Q

Femur

A

Thighbone.

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70
Q

Fibula

A

One of two bones of the lower leg. Attached to the tibia at the top and is located at the lateral side of the leg, parallel to the tibia.

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71
Q

Flexion

A

Type of joint movement.

Bending toward the body or decreasing the angle between bones or parts of the body.

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72
Q

Fowler’s Position

A

Lying on back with upper body elevated at a 45-60 degree angle.

Legit just sitting straight up.

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73
Q

Frontal plane

A

AKA coronal plane. Divides body into front and back halves.

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74
Q

Gliding Joint

A

Simplest movement provided by this type of joint. One bone slides across another to the point where surrounding structures restrict the motion. Gliding joints connect the small bones in the hands and the feet.

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75
Q

Glottic Opening

A

Also known as the glottis. Space between the true vocal chords.

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76
Q

Heart

A

Highly efficient pump. Chambered muscular organ that lies within the chest in the thoracic cavity between two lungs.

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77
Q

Hinged Joint

A

Found in the elbow, knee, and finger. Permit flexion and extension.

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78
Q

Horizontal Plane

A

Also known as the Transverse plane and axial plane.

Parallel with the ground and divides the body into upper and lower halves.

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79
Q

Humerus

A

Proximal portion of the arm. Largest bone in the upper extremity.

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80
Q

Hydrostatic Pressure

A

Force exerted inside of the vessel walls because of the blood pressure and volume.

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81
Q

Hypoperfusion

A

Shock. Insufficient supply of oxygen and other nutrients to some of the body’s cells and inadequate elimination of carbon dioxide and other wastes that result from inadequate circulation of blood.

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82
Q

Hypopcharyx

A

Also known as the Laryngopharnx. Portion of the pharynx that extends from the hyoid bone at the base of the tongue to the openings of the esophagus and larynx.

Area where inspired air is passed into the larynx and where food particles and liquids are diverted u to the esophagus.

83
Q

Iliac Crest

A

One exists in each side of the pelvis. They are the “wings” of the pelvis.

84
Q

Inferior

A

Toward the feet or below the point of reference.

85
Q

Inferior Plane

A

Part of the transverse line. Lower half of the body essentially.

86
Q

Integumentary System

A

The skin. That which separates all other organs, tissues, and systems from the outside environment.

Regulates body temperature. Aids in regulation of water and electrolytes.

87
Q

Intercostal Muscles

A

Muscles between the ribs which contract during inhalation, increasing the size of the thoracic cavity.

88
Q

Involuntary Muscle

A

Also known as smooth muscle. Made up of large fibers that carry out the automatic muscular functions of the body through rhythmic, wavelike movements.

89
Q

Ischium

A

Posterior and inferior portion of the pelvis.

90
Q

Joint

A

A place where one bone connects to another.

91
Q

Laryngopharynx

A

Hypopharynx

92
Q

Larynx

A

Makes up the anterior portion of the throat and extends from the laryngopharynx to the trachea.

Made up of cartilage that hardens as the patient ages.

93
Q

Lateral

A

Left it right of the midline or away from the midline of the body.

94
Q

Lateral Malleolus

A

Knobby surface landmarks of the ankle joint.

95
Q

Lateral Recumbent Position

A

Also known as recovery position. Laying on side, either left or right.

96
Q

Left

A

The patients left.

97
Q

Ligaments

A

Connects bone to bone.

98
Q

Lumbar Spine

A

L1-L5 (lower back) Five vertebrae and are the least mobile. Most back injuries involve muscles not vertebrae.

99
Q

Lungs

A

Two large, loved organs that house thousands of tiny alveolar sacs responsible for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide.

100
Q

Mandible

A

Lower Jaw. Moves freely on hinge joints. Shaped like a horseshoe, largest and strongest bone of the face.

101
Q

Manubrium

A

Superior portion of the sternum that the clavicle (collarbone) is attached to.

102
Q

Maxillae

A

Fused bones of the upper jaw.

103
Q

Medial Malleolus

A

Smaller distal end of the tibia. Also knobby surface landmarks of the ankle.

104
Q

Medial

A

Toward the middle or center of the body.

105
Q

Metacarpals

A

Structural strength of the hand comes from these.

106
Q

Metatarsals

A

Five of these form the substance of the foot.

107
Q

Midaxillary

A

Center of the armpit.

108
Q

Midaxillary Line

A

Goes from armpit to ankle and divides body into anterior plane and posterior plane.

109
Q

Midclavicular

A

Center of each collarbones.

110
Q

Midline

A

Head to ground. Also corresponds to midsaggital plane.

111
Q

Mitral Valve

A

Also known as bicuspid valve. Between left atrium and left ventricle

112
Q

Musculoskeletal System

A

Bony framework/skeleton held together by ligaments that connect bone to bone and layers of muscles (tendons) that connect muscles to bones.

113
Q

Nasal Bones

A

Bed of the nose.

114
Q

Nasopharynx

A

First and most superior part of the pharynx. Extends from the posterior distal ends of the conchae in the nasal cavity to the soft palate.

115
Q

Nervous System

A

Control voluntary and involuntary activity of the human body. Enables individuals to be aware of and react to the environment. Coordinates responses of the body to stimuli and keeps body systems working together.

116
Q

Olecranon

A

Part of the ulna that forms the bony prominence of the elbow.

117
Q

Orbits

A

Eye sockets.

118
Q

Oropharynx

A

Middle part of the pharynx. Located behind the soft palate and extends down into the epiglottis.

119
Q

Oxygenation

A

Form of respiration in which oxygen molecules move across a membrane from an area of high oxygen concentration to an area of low oxygen concentration.

120
Q

Palmar

A

Palm of the hand.

121
Q

Parietal Pleura

A

Layer of thicker more elastic tissue. Covers the internal chest wall.

122
Q

Patella

A

Kneecap. Small triangular shaped bone.

123
Q

Pelvis

A

Doughnut shaped structure that consists of several bones, including the sacrum and the coccyx.

124
Q

Perfusion

A

Delivery of oxygen, glucose, and other nutrients to the cells of all organ systems and the elimination of carbon dioxide and other waste products that result from the constant adequate circulation of blood through the capillaries.

125
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

Outside the head. Efferent nerves carry motor information from the brain to the body and afferent sensory information from the body to the brain.

126
Q

Phalanges

A

Best guess is finger like things.

127
Q

Pharynx

A

Composed of all those other pharynxes.

128
Q

Physiology

A

Function of the living body and it’s parts. How the body works.

129
Q

Pivot Joint

A

Allows for turning motion. Includes joints between the head and neck at the first and second cervical vertebrae and those in the wrist.

130
Q

Plantar

A

Sole of the foot.

131
Q

Plasma

A

Liquid part of the blood which carries blood cells and transports nutrients to all tissues.

132
Q

Platelets

A

Essential for the formation of blood clots, necessary to stop bleeding.

133
Q

Pleural Cavity

A

Tiny space with negative pressure that allows the lungs to stay inflated with air that exists between the visceral pleura and parietal pleura.

134
Q

Posterior

A

Behind. Toward the back.

135
Q

Posterior Plane

A

Patients back. Formed from midaxillary line.

136
Q

Posterior Tibial Arteries

A

Travels from calf to the foot, can be felt on the top surface of the foot on the big toe side.

137
Q

Prefix.

A

Lol.

138
Q

Pronation

A

A type of joint movement.

Turning the forearm so the palm of the hand is turned toward the back.

139
Q

Prone

A

Face down on stomach.

140
Q

Proximal

A

Near point of reference.

141
Q

Pubis

A

In the anterior and inferior portion of the pelvis.

142
Q

Pulmonary Arteries

A

Originate at the right ventricle of the heart. Carries oxygen depleted blood to the lungs. Only one that carries depleted blood.

143
Q

Pulmonary Veins

A

Carries oxygen rich blood from the lungs to the left atrium. Only vein that carries oxygen rich blood.

144
Q

Pulmonary Valve

A

At base of the pulmonary artery I. The right ventricle.

145
Q

Pulse

A

Wave of propelled blood.

146
Q

Radial Arteries

A

Major artery of the arm distal to the elbow joint. Pulsations can be felt proximal to the thumb on the wrist. Usually assessed with taking patients pulse.

147
Q

Radius

A

Lateral bone of the forearm

148
Q

Recovery Position

A

Same as Lateral Recumbent Position.

149
Q

Red Blood Cells

A

Give blood color, carry oxygen to the body cells, and carry carbon dioxide away from the cells.

150
Q

Renal System

A

Also known as the Urinary System. Filters and excretes wastes from the blood.

Two kidneys, two ureters, a urinary bladder, and one urethra.

151
Q

Reproductive System

A

Complementary organs that can function to accomplish human reproduction.

152
Q

Respiration

A

Process of moving oxygen and carbon dioxide across membranes, in and out of alveoli, capillaries, and cells.

153
Q

Respiratory Membrane

A

Site of gas exchange in the lungs. Very thin as to allow diffusion of oxygen from the alveoli into the capillaries and the diffusion of carbon dioxide from the capillaries into the alveoli.

154
Q

Respiratory System

A

Idk man. It’s the breathing stuff.

155
Q

Right

A

Patients right.

156
Q

Sacral Spine

A

S1-S5 (back wall of the pelvis)

Five vertebrae fused together to form the rigid part of the posterior side of the pelvis, which is also called the sacrum.

157
Q

Saddle Joint

A

Shaped to permit combinations of limited movements along perpendicular planes.

158
Q

Saggital Plane

A

Also known as the median plane.

159
Q

Scapula

A

Shoulder blade.

160
Q

Semi-Fowler’s Position

A

Sitting straight up but less than 45 degree angle.

161
Q

Shock Position

A

Only feet and legs elevated approximately twelve inches.

162
Q

Skeletal Muscle

A

Also known as Voluntary Muscle. Can be contracted and relaxed by will of the individual.

163
Q

Skull

A

Consists of cranium and face.

164
Q

Smooth Muscle

A

Also known as involuntary muscle.

165
Q

Spinal Column

A

Also known as the Vertebral column. Principle support system of the body.

166
Q

Sternum

A

Breastbone. Part of the thorax.

167
Q

Subcutaneous Layer

A

Fatty tissue just below the dermis. Varies in thickness.

168
Q

Suffix

A

Lol.

169
Q

Superior Plane

A

Above the waist. Determined by the transverse line.

170
Q

Superior

A

Above the point of reference or heading towards the head.

171
Q

Supination

A

Turning the forearm so the palm of the hand is turned toward the front

172
Q

Supine

A

Laying on back

173
Q

Surfactant

A

Thin layer of fluid lining the alveoli that contain fat and protein molecules. Reduces surface tension which greatly reduces the tendency of the lungs to collapse.

174
Q

Systolic Blood Pressure

A

Exerted against the walls of the arteries when the left ventricle contracts.

175
Q

Tendons

A

Muscle to bone connections.

176
Q

Thoracic Spine

A

T1-T12 (upper back) composed of 12 vertebrae. Directly inferior to the cervical spine form the upper back. 12 pairs of thoracic ribs are attached to the spine posteriorly and help support the vertebrae.

177
Q

Thorax

A

Chest. Composed of ribs, sternum, and the thoracic spine.

178
Q

Thyroid Cartilage

A

Adam’s apple. Large prominent anterior cartilage of the larynx.

179
Q

Tibia

A

Shin. Weight bearing bone located at the anterior medial side of the leg.

180
Q

Trachea

A

Windpipe. Attached to distal end of the larynx and descends downward to about the level of the fifth thoracic vertebrae. Made up of dense connective tissue and smooth muscle. Maintains a tubular structure through the reinforcement of 15-20 C shaped rings.

181
Q

Trachealis Muscle

A

Flexible ligamentous tissue and smooth muscle that makes up the posterior wall of the trachea which bares no cartilage.

182
Q

Transverse Line

A

Also know as axial plane. Horizontal. Divides body into upper and lower halves.

183
Q

Transverse Plane

A

Lol.

184
Q

Trendelenburg Position

A

Legs elevated head down.

185
Q

Tricuspid Valve

A

Between the right atrium and right ventricle.

186
Q

True Vocal Chords

A

Inferior ligaments covered by mucous membranes within the larynx.

187
Q

Ulna

A

Medial bone of the forearm.

188
Q

Urinary System

A

Renal System

189
Q

Valve

A

Exist between chambers of the heart that keep blood flowing in one direction and prevent the back flow of blood.

190
Q

Vein

A

Carries blood back to the heart.

191
Q

Venae Cavae

A

Carries oxygen depleted blood back to the right atrium.

192
Q

Ventilation

A

Changes in pressure inside the chest which allow air to flow into and out of the lungs.

193
Q

Ventral

A

Toward the front of the belly (abdomen)

194
Q

Ventricles

A

Lower chambers of the heart which pump blood out to the arteries.

195
Q

Venule

A

Smallest branch of veins. Connected to the distal ends of capillaries.

196
Q

Vertebrae

A

Irregularly shaped blocks of bone.

197
Q

Vertebral Column

A

Spinal Column

198
Q

Visceral Pleura

A

Thin layer of connective tissue covering the outer surface of the lungs.

199
Q

Vocal Chords

A

Yeah.

200
Q

Voluntary Muscle

A

Also known as Skeletal Muscle

201
Q

White Blood Cells

A

Part of immune system. Help defend against infection.

202
Q

Xiphoid Process

A

Inferior portion of the sternum.

203
Q

Zygomatic Bones

A

Cheekbones

EMT (8 decks)

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