Chapter 7 - Anatomy, Physiology, and Medical Terminology Flashcards
1
Q
Abdominal Quadrants
A
Referred to as if it were divided by horizontal and vertical lines drawn through the naval (umbilicus).
Right Upper Quadrant
Right Lower Quadrant
Left Upper Quadrant
Left Lower Quadrant
2
Q
Abduction
A
A type of joint movement in which the movement is away from the midline.
3
Q
Acetebulum
A
The hip joint which is made up of the pelvic socket.
4
Q
Acromion
A
The tip of the shoulder girdle which is made up of the clavicle and scapula.
5
Q
Adduction
A
Motion of moveable joints in which it is TOWARD the midline.
6
Q
Aerobic Metabolism
A
When carbon dioxide is transported away from the cell and blown off by the lungs.
“With oxygen”
7
Q
Agonal Respirations
A
Occasional gasping breaths that may be seen just before death.
8
Q
Airway
A
The passageway for air from its entry into the body to the lungs (and outward from the lungs.)
9
Q
Alveoli
A
Thousands of tiny air sacs at the ends of the bronchioles, each enclosed in a network of capillaries that form the respiratory membrane.
10
Q
Anaerobic Metabolism
A
Process of metabolizing glucose without producing much energy.
“Without oxygen”
11
Q
Anatomical Planes
A
Imaginary divisions of the body. Used to reference points of the body and indicate the internal body structure and the relationship of different groups of organs to others.
12
Q
Anatomical Position
A
All references to the human body assume this.
The basic position used as the point of reference whenever terms of direction and location are used.
13
Q
Anatomy
A
The structure of the body and the relationship of its parts to each other (how the body is made.)
14
Q
Anterior Plane
A
Anterior means toward the front.
The patients front.
15
Q
Anterior
A
Towards the front.
16
Q
Aorta
A
The major artery from the heart, the aorta, lies in front of the spine and passes through the thoracic and abdominal cavities.
17
Q
Aortic Valve
A
At the base of the aortic artery in the left ventricle.
18
Q
Arteriole
A
An eventual branch-off of arteries which get smaller the farther they are from the heart.
An arteriole is the smallest kind of artery. They carry blood from the arteries to the capillaries.
19
Q
Artery
A
Carries blood away from the heart. All arteries, except the pulmonary arteries carry oxygen-rich blood.
20
Q
Aspiration
A
When liquid, blood, vomit, or another substance moves past the epiglottis and into the larynx, trachea, and alveoli.
21
Q
Atria
A
The upper chambers of the heart which receive blood from the veins.
The right atria of receives oxygen-depleted blood from the veins of the body.
The left atrium received oxygen-rich blood from the pulmonary veins from the lungs.
22
Q
Automaticity
A
The ability to generate impulse on ones own even when disconnected from the central nervous system.
23
Q
Ball-and-socket Joint
A
Permits the widest range of motion - flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and rotation.
24
Q
Bicuspid Valve
A
Also known as the Mitral valve. Between the left atrium and the left ventricle.
25
Bilateral
Refers to both left and right, meaning “on both sides.”
26
Blood Pressure
Force exerted by the blood on the interior walls of the arteries.
27
Brachial Arteries
Major artery of the upper arm. It’s pulsations can be felt at the front of the elbow and in the medial arm midway between the shoulder and elbow.
28
Brainstem
Contains the mesencephalon, the pons, and the medulla oblongata.
29
Bronchi
Distal portion of the trachea branches into two main tubes, one branching off to each lung.
30
Bronchioles
A subdivision of the bronchi, similar to the branches of a tree. Lined with smooth muscle and can constrict or dilate to certain stimuli.
31
Calcaneus
Heel bone. A part of the group of bones called the tarsals and make up the proximal portion of the foot.
32
Capillaries
A tiny blood vessel that connects an arteriole to a gentle, has walls that allow for the exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste at the cellular level.
33
Cardiac Muscle
Found in the walls of the heart, a special kind of involuntary muscle particularly suited for the work of the heart. Has automaticity.
34
Carotid Arteries
One on each side of the neck. Supply the brain and head with blood. Can be felt on either side of the neck.
35
Carpals
Eight bones within the wrist.
36
Central Nervous System
Consists of the brain and the spinal cord. Basically what’s inside the head.
37
Cerebellum
Also called the small brain. Is in the posterior and inferior aspect of the cranium. It coordinates muscle activity and maintains balance through impulses from the eyes and the ears. Can’t initiate muscle contraction, it can however hold muscles in a state of partial contraction.
38
Cerebrum
Outermost portion of the brain, the cerebrum occupies nearly all the cranial cavity. It controls specific body functions, such as sensation, thought, speech, and associative memory.
39
Cervical Spine
C1-C7 (neck). The first seven vertebrae form the cervical spine, which is the most prone to injury.
40
Circulatory System
Composed of the heart, blood vessels, and blood. Closed system that transports blood to all parts of the body.
41
Circumduction
A combination of the four preceding motions as is possible with the shoulder joint; conical movement, or movement through 360 degrees.
Movement of the joints.
42
Clavicle
Collarbone.
Form with the shoulder blade (scapula) to make a shoulder girdle.
43
Coccyx
A part of the spinal column.
Tailbone. The last four vertebrae are fused together and do not have the protrusions characteristic of the other vertebrae.
44
Combining Form
Foundation of the word and gives its essential meaning. Contains two parts: the root (medical meaning) and a combining vowel. The vowel helps join the root to another word part and makes the resulting whole word pronounceable.
45
Conchae
Three bony ridges located on the sides of the nasal cavity.
46
Condyloid Joint
This is a modified ball and socket joint that permits limited motion in two directions.
47
Coronal Plane
Also known as the frontal plane.
Divides the body into front and back halves.
48
Coronary Arteries
Vessels that supply the heart itself with blood.
49
Cranium
Forms the top, back, and sides of the skull plus the forehead.
50
Cricoid Cartelage
Most inferior cartilage. Only cartilage that forms a complete circumferential ring and it is the most inferior structure that connects with the trachea.
51
Dermis
Second layer of the skin is thicker than the epidermis. Contains the vast network of blood vessels that supply the skin as well as the hair follicles, sweat glands, oil glands, and sensory nerves.
52
Diaphragm
Powerful dome shaped muscle essential to breathing. Separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity.
53
Diastolic Blood Pressure
Exerted against the walls of the arteries when the left ventricle is at rest, or between contractions.
54
Digestion
Consists of two processes, one mechanical and the other chemical.
Mechanical - Chewing, swallowing, peristalsis (rhythmic movement of matter through the digestive tract), and defecation.
Chemical - enzymes or digestive juices breaks foods down.
55
Digestive System
Composed of the alimentary tract and the accessory organs. Ingests and carry food so that absorption can occur and waste can be eliminated.
56
Distal
Means distant. Far from the point of reference.
57
Dorsal
Toward the back or backbone (spine.)
58
Dorsalis Pedis Arteries
Artery in the foot. Can be felt on the top surface of the foot in the big-toe side.
59
Edema
Swelling occurring in the tissues. Produced by the capillaries leaking fluid.
60
Endocrine System
Made up of ductless glands, the body’s regulators.
Secretes hormones.
61
Epidermis
Outermost layer of skin, composed of four layers of cells. Outer two layers are dying cells. Deepest layer is melanin.
62
Epiglottis
Flexible cartilage which is attached to the thyroid cartilage and extends superiorly toward the tongue to form a flap.
63
Esophagus
??????
64
Extension
A type of joint movement.
Straightening away from the body or increasing the angle between the bones or parts of the body.
65
Extremities
The limbs of the body. Hip to toe is lower extremities.
Shoulder, arms, forearms, wrists, and hands are the upper extremities.
66
Face
Area between the brow and chin. Contains 14 bones, 13 of which are immovable and interlocking.
67
False Vocal Chords
Superior ligaments covered by mucous membranes. Also called vestibular folds.
68
Femoral Arteries
The major artery of the thigh and supplies the groin and leg with blood. Pulsations of the femoral artery can be felt in the groin at the crease between the abdomen and the thigh.
69
Femur
Thighbone.
70
Fibula
One of two bones of the lower leg. Attached to the tibia at the top and is located at the lateral side of the leg, parallel to the tibia.
71
Flexion
Type of joint movement.
Bending toward the body or decreasing the angle between bones or parts of the body.
72
Fowler’s Position
Lying on back with upper body elevated at a 45-60 degree angle.
Legit just sitting straight up.
73
Frontal plane
AKA coronal plane. Divides body into front and back halves.
74
Gliding Joint
Simplest movement provided by this type of joint. One bone slides across another to the point where surrounding structures restrict the motion. Gliding joints connect the small bones in the hands and the feet.
75
Glottic Opening
Also known as the glottis. Space between the true vocal chords.
76
Heart
Highly efficient pump. Chambered muscular organ that lies within the chest in the thoracic cavity between two lungs.
77
Hinged Joint
Found in the elbow, knee, and finger. Permit flexion and extension.
78
Horizontal Plane
Also known as the Transverse plane and axial plane.
Parallel with the ground and divides the body into upper and lower halves.
79
Humerus
Proximal portion of the arm. Largest bone in the upper extremity.
80
Hydrostatic Pressure
Force exerted inside of the vessel walls because of the blood pressure and volume.
81
Hypoperfusion
Shock. Insufficient supply of oxygen and other nutrients to some of the body’s cells and inadequate elimination of carbon dioxide and other wastes that result from inadequate circulation of blood.
82
Hypopcharyx
Also known as the Laryngopharnx. Portion of the pharynx that extends from the hyoid bone at the base of the tongue to the openings of the esophagus and larynx.
Area where inspired air is passed into the larynx and where food particles and liquids are diverted u to the esophagus.
83
Iliac Crest
One exists in each side of the pelvis. They are the “wings” of the pelvis.
84
Inferior
Toward the feet or below the point of reference.
85
Inferior Plane
Part of the transverse line. Lower half of the body essentially.
86
Integumentary System
The skin. That which separates all other organs, tissues, and systems from the outside environment.
Regulates body temperature. Aids in regulation of water and electrolytes.
87
Intercostal Muscles
Muscles between the ribs which contract during inhalation, increasing the size of the thoracic cavity.
88
Involuntary Muscle
Also known as smooth muscle. Made up of large fibers that carry out the automatic muscular functions of the body through rhythmic, wavelike movements.
89
Ischium
Posterior and inferior portion of the pelvis.
90
Joint
A place where one bone connects to another.
91
Laryngopharynx
Hypopharynx
92
Larynx
Makes up the anterior portion of the throat and extends from the laryngopharynx to the trachea.
Made up of cartilage that hardens as the patient ages.
93
Lateral
Left it right of the midline or away from the midline of the body.
94
Lateral Malleolus
Knobby surface landmarks of the ankle joint.
95
Lateral Recumbent Position
Also known as recovery position. Laying on side, either left or right.
96
Left
The patients left.
97
Ligaments
Connects bone to bone.
98
Lumbar Spine
L1-L5 (lower back) Five vertebrae and are the least mobile. Most back injuries involve muscles not vertebrae.
99
Lungs
Two large, loved organs that house thousands of tiny alveolar sacs responsible for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide.
100
Mandible
Lower Jaw. Moves freely on hinge joints. Shaped like a horseshoe, largest and strongest bone of the face.
101
Manubrium
Superior portion of the sternum that the clavicle (collarbone) is attached to.
102
Maxillae
Fused bones of the upper jaw.
103
Medial Malleolus
Smaller distal end of the tibia. Also knobby surface landmarks of the ankle.
104
Medial
Toward the middle or center of the body.
105
Metacarpals
Structural strength of the hand comes from these.
106
Metatarsals
Five of these form the substance of the foot.
107
Midaxillary
Center of the armpit.
108
Midaxillary Line
Goes from armpit to ankle and divides body into anterior plane and posterior plane.
109
Midclavicular
Center of each collarbones.
110
Midline
Head to ground. Also corresponds to midsaggital plane.
111
Mitral Valve
Also known as bicuspid valve. Between left atrium and left ventricle
112
Musculoskeletal System
Bony framework/skeleton held together by ligaments that connect bone to bone and layers of muscles (tendons) that connect muscles to bones.
113
Nasal Bones
Bed of the nose.
114
Nasopharynx
First and most superior part of the pharynx. Extends from the posterior distal ends of the conchae in the nasal cavity to the soft palate.
115
Nervous System
Control voluntary and involuntary activity of the human body. Enables individuals to be aware of and react to the environment. Coordinates responses of the body to stimuli and keeps body systems working together.
116
Olecranon
Part of the ulna that forms the bony prominence of the elbow.
117
Orbits
Eye sockets.
118
Oropharynx
Middle part of the pharynx. Located behind the soft palate and extends down into the epiglottis.
119
Oxygenation
Form of respiration in which oxygen molecules move across a membrane from an area of high oxygen concentration to an area of low oxygen concentration.
120
Palmar
Palm of the hand.
121
Parietal Pleura
Layer of thicker more elastic tissue. Covers the internal chest wall.
122
Patella
Kneecap. Small triangular shaped bone.
123
Pelvis
Doughnut shaped structure that consists of several bones, including the sacrum and the coccyx.
124
Perfusion
Delivery of oxygen, glucose, and other nutrients to the cells of all organ systems and the elimination of carbon dioxide and other waste products that result from the constant adequate circulation of blood through the capillaries.
125
Peripheral Nervous System
Outside the head. Efferent nerves carry motor information from the brain to the body and afferent sensory information from the body to the brain.
126
Phalanges
Best guess is finger like things.
127
Pharynx
Composed of all those other pharynxes.
128
Physiology
Function of the living body and it’s parts. How the body works.
129
Pivot Joint
Allows for turning motion. Includes joints between the head and neck at the first and second cervical vertebrae and those in the wrist.
130
Plantar
Sole of the foot.
131
Plasma
Liquid part of the blood which carries blood cells and transports nutrients to all tissues.
132
Platelets
Essential for the formation of blood clots, necessary to stop bleeding.
133
Pleural Cavity
Tiny space with negative pressure that allows the lungs to stay inflated with air that exists between the visceral pleura and parietal pleura.
134
Posterior
Behind. Toward the back.
135
Posterior Plane
Patients back. Formed from midaxillary line.
136
Posterior Tibial Arteries
Travels from calf to the foot, can be felt on the top surface of the foot on the big toe side.
137
Prefix.
Lol.
138
Pronation
A type of joint movement.
Turning the forearm so the palm of the hand is turned toward the back.
139
Prone
Face down on stomach.
140
Proximal
Near point of reference.
141
Pubis
In the anterior and inferior portion of the pelvis.
142
Pulmonary Arteries
Originate at the right ventricle of the heart. Carries oxygen depleted blood to the lungs. Only one that carries depleted blood.
143
Pulmonary Veins
Carries oxygen rich blood from the lungs to the left atrium. Only vein that carries oxygen rich blood.
144
Pulmonary Valve
At base of the pulmonary artery I. The right ventricle.
145
Pulse
Wave of propelled blood.
146
Radial Arteries
Major artery of the arm distal to the elbow joint. Pulsations can be felt proximal to the thumb on the wrist. Usually assessed with taking patients pulse.
147
Radius
Lateral bone of the forearm
148
Recovery Position
Same as Lateral Recumbent Position.
149
Red Blood Cells
Give blood color, carry oxygen to the body cells, and carry carbon dioxide away from the cells.
150
Renal System
Also known as the Urinary System. Filters and excretes wastes from the blood.
Two kidneys, two ureters, a urinary bladder, and one urethra.
151
Reproductive System
Complementary organs that can function to accomplish human reproduction.
152
Respiration
Process of moving oxygen and carbon dioxide across membranes, in and out of alveoli, capillaries, and cells.
153
Respiratory Membrane
Site of gas exchange in the lungs. Very thin as to allow diffusion of oxygen from the alveoli into the capillaries and the diffusion of carbon dioxide from the capillaries into the alveoli.
154
Respiratory System
Idk man. It’s the breathing stuff.
155
Right
Patients right.
156
Sacral Spine
S1-S5 (back wall of the pelvis)
Five vertebrae fused together to form the rigid part of the posterior side of the pelvis, which is also called the sacrum.
157
Saddle Joint
Shaped to permit combinations of limited movements along perpendicular planes.
158
Saggital Plane
Also known as the median plane.
159
Scapula
Shoulder blade.
160
Semi-Fowler’s Position
Sitting straight up but less than 45 degree angle.
161
Shock Position
Only feet and legs elevated approximately twelve inches.
162
Skeletal Muscle
Also known as Voluntary Muscle. Can be contracted and relaxed by will of the individual.
163
Skull
Consists of cranium and face.
164
Smooth Muscle
Also known as involuntary muscle.
165
Spinal Column
Also known as the Vertebral column. Principle support system of the body.
166
Sternum
Breastbone. Part of the thorax.
167
Subcutaneous Layer
Fatty tissue just below the dermis. Varies in thickness.
168
Suffix
Lol.
169
Superior Plane
Above the waist. Determined by the transverse line.
170
Superior
Above the point of reference or heading towards the head.
171
Supination
Turning the forearm so the palm of the hand is turned toward the front
172
Supine
Laying on back
173
Surfactant
Thin layer of fluid lining the alveoli that contain fat and protein molecules. Reduces surface tension which greatly reduces the tendency of the lungs to collapse.
174
Systolic Blood Pressure
Exerted against the walls of the arteries when the left ventricle contracts.
175
Tendons
Muscle to bone connections.
176
Thoracic Spine
T1-T12 (upper back) composed of 12 vertebrae. Directly inferior to the cervical spine form the upper back. 12 pairs of thoracic ribs are attached to the spine posteriorly and help support the vertebrae.
177
Thorax
Chest. Composed of ribs, sternum, and the thoracic spine.
178
Thyroid Cartilage
Adam’s apple. Large prominent anterior cartilage of the larynx.
179
Tibia
Shin. Weight bearing bone located at the anterior medial side of the leg.
180
Trachea
Windpipe. Attached to distal end of the larynx and descends downward to about the level of the fifth thoracic vertebrae. Made up of dense connective tissue and smooth muscle. Maintains a tubular structure through the reinforcement of 15-20 C shaped rings.
181
Trachealis Muscle
Flexible ligamentous tissue and smooth muscle that makes up the posterior wall of the trachea which bares no cartilage.
182
Transverse Line
Also know as axial plane. Horizontal. Divides body into upper and lower halves.
183
Transverse Plane
Lol.
184
Trendelenburg Position
Legs elevated head down.
185
Tricuspid Valve
Between the right atrium and right ventricle.
186
True Vocal Chords
Inferior ligaments covered by mucous membranes within the larynx.
187
Ulna
Medial bone of the forearm.
188
Urinary System
Renal System
189
Valve
Exist between chambers of the heart that keep blood flowing in one direction and prevent the back flow of blood.
190
Vein
Carries blood back to the heart.
191
Venae Cavae
Carries oxygen depleted blood back to the right atrium.
192
Ventilation
Changes in pressure inside the chest which allow air to flow into and out of the lungs.
193
Ventral
Toward the front of the belly (abdomen)
194
Ventricles
Lower chambers of the heart which pump blood out to the arteries.
195
Venule
Smallest branch of veins. Connected to the distal ends of capillaries.
196
Vertebrae
Irregularly shaped blocks of bone.
197
Vertebral Column
Spinal Column
198
Visceral Pleura
Thin layer of connective tissue covering the outer surface of the lungs.
199
Vocal Chords
Yeah.
200
Voluntary Muscle
Also known as Skeletal Muscle
201
White Blood Cells
Part of immune system. Help defend against infection.
202
Xiphoid Process
Inferior portion of the sternum.
203
Zygomatic Bones
Cheekbones
