Chapter 8 - Organic Chemistry

Question 1

Addition Reaction

Answer 1

A chemical reaction in which a group of atoms is added to an existing molecule, such as a halogen molecule being added to an alkene.

Question 2

Alcohol

Answer 2

A homologous series with the hydroxyl functional group (-OH), denoted by the suffix ‘ol’. Have higher boiling points than alkanes, due to the presence of hydrogen bonds. Smaller chains are soluable in water. E.g. butan-1-ol.

Question 3

Alkane

Answer 3

A saturated hydrocarbon with the general formula CnH(2n+2), denoted by the suffix ‘ane’. Non-polar and generally unreactive, expect for combustion. E.g. butane.

Question 4

Alkene

Answer 4

An unsaturated hydrocarbon with the general formula CnH2n. Contain a single carbon double bond, which allows for them to undergo addition reactions. E.g. but-1-ene. Note: methene doesn’t exist!

Question 5

Alkyl Group

Answer 5

Methyl. CH3.

Question 6

Branch

Answer 6

A methyl group attached to a carbon atom in the middle of a chain.

Question 7

Bioethanol

Answer 7

Ethanol (C2H5OH) produced from the fermentation of glucose in plants.

Question 8

Carboxyl Group

Answer 8

The functional group in carboxylic acids. COOH-

Question 9

Carboxylate Ion

Answer 9

COOH-

Question 10

Carboxylic Acid

Answer 10

A homologous series with the carboxyl functional group (COOH-), denoted by the suffix ‘oic acid’. Act as weak acids, and are commonly found in food and insect venom. E.g. Ethanoic acid.

Question 11

Chemical Property

Answer 11

The properties of an element determined by intramolecular forces, such as the strength of bonds or polarity within the molecule.

Question 12

Physical Property

Answer 12

The properties of an element determined by intermolecular forces such as boiling point and solubility.

Question 13

Combustion

Answer 13

An exothermic reaction between a fuel and oxygen.

Question 14

Combustion Formula

Answer 14

Fuel + Oxygen → Water + Carbon Dioxide

Question 15

Complete Combustion

Answer 15

When there is no left over carbon in a combustion reaction.

Question 16

Condensed Structural Formula

Answer 16

A formula that shows the structure of the molecule, but not the bonds or the shape. E.g. CH3CH2CH3

Question 17

Crude Oil

Answer 17

A fossil fuel formed from the remains of dead animals and plants, which have been buried for millions of years.

Question 18

Dimer

Answer 18

Two identical molecules that are bonded together, such as between ethanoic acid.

Question 19

Fractional Distillation

Answer 19

The separation of a liquid mixture into fractions (different carbon chain lengths) by heating and cooling.

Question 20

Functional Group

Answer 20

An atom or group of atoms that are reactive in a molecule. E.g. hydroxyl group

Question 21

Haloalkane

Answer 21

A homologous series with a halogen atom (group 17) replacing one or more hydrogen atoms in an alkane. Denoted by the prefix ‘fluoro’, ‘chloro’, ‘bromo’ or ‘iodo’.

Question 22

Homologous Series

Answer 22

A sequence of compounds or molecules with similar chemical properties and the same general formula. Alkanes, alkenes, haloalkanes, alcohols and carboxylic acids.

Question 23

Hydrocarbon

Answer 23

A molecule containing only hydrogen and carbon atoms.

Question 24

Hydroxyl Group

Answer 24

The functional group in alcohols. -OH

Question 25

Incomplete Combustion

Answer 25

When there is an insufficient supply of oxygen during a combustion reaction, resulting in left over carbon in the form of soot.

Question 26

Locant

Answer 26

A number used in IUPAC nomenclature which indicates the position of a functional group in a molecule. E.g. but-1-ene.

Question 27

Organic Chemistry

Answer 27

The chemistry of carbon.

Question 28

Organic Compound

Answer 28

A compound containing carbon atoms.

Question 29

Photosynthesis

Answer 29

A chemical reaction used by plants to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen.

Question 30

Plant-Sourced Biomass

Answer 30

A sustainable renewable alternative to fossil fuels, which sources carbon-material from plants.

Question 31

Structural Isomer

Answer 31

A molecule that has the same molecular formula but different structural formula to another. I.e. a different structure of the same molecule. E.g. 3-methylpentane vs 2-methylpentane

Question 32

Terminal Carbon

Answer 32

The carbon at the end of a chain.

Question 33

Fossil Fuel

Answer 33

A non-renewable resource formed from the remains of dead animals and plants, which have been buried for millions of years. E.g. crude oil.

Question 34

Fraction

Answer 34

A range of hydrocarbons with similar molecular masses and boiling points. E.g. C1 - C4.

Question 35

Saturated

Answer 35

A carbon atom that only has single bonds surrounding it, such as in an alkane.

Question 36

Unsaturated

Answer 36

A carbon atom that has a double or triple bond attached to it, such as in alkenes.

Question 37

Fermentation

Answer 37

The chemical breakdown of a molecule, such as glucose, by bacteria, yeasts or microorganisms.