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anatomy > chapter 8 nevouse system > Flashcards

chapter 8 nevouse system Flashcards

1
Q

the primary coordinating and controlling system of the body

A

nervous system

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2
Q

the nervous system uses … to fulfill its function

A

electrochemical impulses

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3
Q

central nervous system include

A

brain, spinal cord, and the Body’s neural control center

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4
Q

Peripheral nervous system is located.. and consists of

A

outside the nervous system; nerves and sensory receptors.

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5
Q

sensory division

A

carries impulses from sensory receptors t the CNS.

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6
Q

Motor Division

A

carries impulses from CNS to effectors

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7
Q

Motor division had two divisions:

A

Somatic nervous system, and Autonomic nervous system.

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8
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

Voluntary control of skeletal muscle

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9
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

Involuntary control of cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands.

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10
Q

neurons

A

specialized to transmit neural impulse

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11
Q

nerurons are divided into their … units

A

structural and functional

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12
Q

the structure of a neuron hold the

A

cell body, dendrites, axon

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13
Q

the cell body holds the

A

nucleus and organelles

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14
Q

Dendrites are

A

numerous short highly branched that extend from the body of tthe cell, are also the primary site for recieving impulses.

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15
Q

Dendrites carry

A

impulses towards cell body and axon

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16
Q

Axon

A

are a long thin process that ends in axon terminals with synaptic knobs

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17
Q

The axon carrys impulses

A

away from cell body or dendrites

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18
Q

the Myelin sheath

A

insulates axon and increases speed of impulse transmission

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19
Q

Node of ranvier

A

space between cells that do not have a myelin sheath.

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20
Q

Structural classification of neurons

A

uni-polar, bi-polar,multi-polar

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21
Q

Bipolar neuron has two processes:

A

a dendrite and and axon

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22
Q

Bipolar neurons occur in the sensory portion of the

A

eyes, ears, and nose.

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23
Q

Multipolar neurons hav

A

several dendrites, a songle axon

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24
Q

multipolar neurons are found

A

in the brain and spinal cord

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25
Q

unipolar nurons

A

a single process extending from the cell body

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26
Q

unipolar neurons are

A

sensory

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27
Q

sensory neurons: carry impulses from

A

peripheral body part to the CNS

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28
Q

Sensory neurons detect

A

hoeostatic changes directly or via sensory receptors

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29
Q

interneurons are located

A

entirely in CNS and associate with other neurons

30
Q

the interneurons …. and … impulses from CNS

A

process and interpret

31
Q

interneurons activate

A

motor neurons

32
Q

Motor neurons carry impuses

A

from CNs to effectors to produce an actine

33
Q

Motor neurons cells bodies and dendrites are in

A

CNs

34
Q

Motor neurons axons is located

A

in nerves of PNS

35
Q

Neuroglia

A

suupport and protect neurons,

36
Q

Neurolglia are

A

more numerous than neurons

37
Q

Schwann cells form

A

myelin sheath by wrapping plasma membrane around axon

38
Q

Outer layer of myelin sheath is

A

a neurolemma

39
Q

Oligodendrocytes form

A

myelin sheath around CNs axons

40
Q

oligodendrocytes do not

A

form neurolemma, so axon regeneration is not possible

41
Q

Astocytes binds

A

neurons to blodd vessels

42
Q

Astrocytes regulate

A

exchange of materials between blood and neurons

43
Q

Astrocytes provide

A

structual support

44
Q

Astrocytes stimulat

A

neurona growth

45
Q

Astrocytes influence

A

synaptic transmission

46
Q

Microglial cells

A

enguld and digest cellular debris and bacteria

47
Q

Ependymal cells

A

line cavities in brian and spinal cord

48
Q

Neurons have two uniqu functional characteristics

A

irritability and conductivity

49
Q

Irritability

A

ability to respond to a stimulus by forming an impulse

50
Q

conductivity

A

ability to transmit and impulse along a neuron to another cell.

51
Q

Membrane is polarized due to

A

an unequal distribution of electrical charges on each side of the plasma membrane

52
Q

excess of …. carged ions outside (… outside)

A

Positively… NA+

53
Q

excess of ,,, charged ions on the inside of the neuron membrane(…,…,… and … proteins inside)

A

negatively (K+,POsub4 ^-2, SOsub4 ^-2 and protiens inside)

54
Q

membrane potential changes when:

A

concentration of ions across the membrane changes, and permeability of membrane to ions changes.

55
Q

graded potentials

A

incoming short distance signals

56
Q

Action potentials

A

long-distance signals of axons

57
Q

threshold stimulus is needed to

A

activate a neuron-> voltage difference “potential”

58
Q

when activated by a stimulus

A

Na+ permeability increases

59
Q

Na+ permibilty causes

A

posittive and negative ions to be equally abundant on both sides of the membrane

60
Q

the membrane is the depolarized. this is

A

the nerve imulse or action potential

61
Q

in Reolarization, which occurs after depolarizations

A

K+ diffuses outward to reestablish the resting potential

62
Q

Next

A

Na+is then pumed out and K+ is pumped in to reestablished resting-state ion distribution

63
Q

junction of an axon with another neuron or an effector cell

A

synapse

64
Q

synapse structure

A

synaptic knob of presynaptic neuron, Postsynaptic structure (neuron or effector), synaptic cleft

65
Q

neurotransmitter

A

enable communication between neurons and nuerons with other cells

66
Q

one nueron relases only.. types of neurotransmitters

A

1 or 2

67
Q

two basic types f neurotransmitters

A

Excitatory (EPSP) and inhibitory (IPSP) neurotransmitters

68
Q

Meninges

A

three fibrous membranes

69
Q

Pia matter

A

Thin innermost layer that adheres to CNS structure surface. contain blood vessels to nourish brain and spinal cord.

70
Q

Archnoid

A

middle layer, thin and wbelike avascular. this does not penetrate smalller depressions like the pia. has subarachnoid space

71
Q

subarachnoid space

A

space between pia mater and Arachnoid mater. filled with cerebrospinal fluid.

72
Q

Dura mater

A

Tough, outermost layer that is attached to cranial bones. it forms protective tube in vertebral canal.

anatomy (4 decks)

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