chapter 8 nevouse system Flashcards by jeremy jenkins

the primary coordinating and controlling system of the body

nervous system

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the nervous system uses … to fulfill its function

electrochemical impulses

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central nervous system include

brain, spinal cord, and the Body’s neural control center

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Peripheral nervous system is located.. and consists of

outside the nervous system; nerves and sensory receptors.

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sensory division

carries impulses from sensory receptors t the CNS.

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Motor Division

carries impulses from CNS to effectors

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Motor division had two divisions:

Somatic nervous system, and Autonomic nervous system.

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Somatic nervous system

Voluntary control of skeletal muscle

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Autonomic nervous system

Involuntary control of cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands.

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neurons

specialized to transmit neural impulse

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nerurons are divided into their … units

structural and functional

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the structure of a neuron hold the

cell body, dendrites, axon

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the cell body holds the

nucleus and organelles

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Dendrites are

numerous short highly branched that extend from the body of tthe cell, are also the primary site for recieving impulses.

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Dendrites carry

impulses towards cell body and axon

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Axon

are a long thin process that ends in axon terminals with synaptic knobs

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The axon carrys impulses

away from cell body or dendrites

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the Myelin sheath

insulates axon and increases speed of impulse transmission

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Node of ranvier

space between cells that do not have a myelin sheath.

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Structural classification of neurons

uni-polar, bi-polar,multi-polar

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Bipolar neuron has two processes:

a dendrite and and axon

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Bipolar neurons occur in the sensory portion of the

eyes, ears, and nose.

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Multipolar neurons hav

several dendrites, a songle axon

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multipolar neurons are found

in the brain and spinal cord

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unipolar nurons

a single process extending from the cell body

unipolar neurons are

sensory

sensory neurons: carry impulses from

peripheral body part to the CNS

Sensory neurons detect

hoeostatic changes directly or via sensory receptors

interneurons are located

entirely in CNS and associate with other neurons

the interneurons .... and ... impulses from CNS

process and interpret

interneurons activate

motor neurons

Motor neurons carry impuses

from CNs to effectors to produce an actine

Motor neurons cells bodies and dendrites are in

CNs

Motor neurons axons is located

in nerves of PNS

Neuroglia

suupport and protect neurons,

Neurolglia are

more numerous than neurons

Schwann cells form

myelin sheath by wrapping plasma membrane around axon

Outer layer of myelin sheath is

a neurolemma

Oligodendrocytes form

myelin sheath around CNs axons

oligodendrocytes do not

form neurolemma, so axon regeneration is not possible

Astocytes binds

neurons to blodd vessels

Astrocytes regulate

exchange of materials between blood and neurons

Astrocytes provide

structual support

Astrocytes stimulat

neurona growth

Astrocytes influence

synaptic transmission

Microglial cells

enguld and digest cellular debris and bacteria

Ependymal cells

line cavities in brian and spinal cord

Neurons have two uniqu functional characteristics

irritability and conductivity

Irritability

ability to respond to a stimulus by forming an impulse

conductivity

ability to transmit and impulse along a neuron to another cell.

Membrane is polarized due to

an unequal distribution of electrical charges on each side of the plasma membrane

excess of .... carged ions outside (... outside)

Positively... NA+

excess of ,,, charged ions on the inside of the neuron membrane(...,...,... and ... proteins inside)

negatively (K+,POsub4 ^-2, SOsub4 ^-2 and protiens inside)

membrane potential changes when:

concentration of ions across the membrane changes, and permeability of membrane to ions changes.

graded potentials

incoming short distance signals

Action potentials

long-distance signals of axons

threshold stimulus is needed to

activate a neuron-> voltage difference "potential"

when activated by a stimulus

Na+ permeability increases

Na+ permibilty causes

posittive and negative ions to be equally abundant on both sides of the membrane

the membrane is the depolarized. this is

the nerve imulse or action potential

in Reolarization, which occurs after depolarizations

K+ diffuses outward to reestablish the resting potential

Na+is then pumed out and K+ is pumped in to reestablished resting-state ion distribution

junction of an axon with another neuron or an effector cell

synapse

synapse structure

synaptic knob of presynaptic neuron, Postsynaptic structure (neuron or effector), synaptic cleft

neurotransmitter

enable communication between neurons and nuerons with other cells

one nueron relases only.. types of neurotransmitters

1 or 2

two basic types f neurotransmitters

Excitatory (EPSP) and inhibitory (IPSP) neurotransmitters

Meninges

three fibrous membranes

Pia matter

Thin innermost layer that adheres to CNS structure surface. contain blood vessels to nourish brain and spinal cord.

Archnoid

middle layer, thin and wbelike avascular. this does not penetrate smalller depressions like the pia. has subarachnoid space

subarachnoid space

space between pia mater and Arachnoid mater. filled with cerebrospinal fluid.

Dura mater

Tough, outermost layer that is attached to cranial bones. it forms protective tube in vertebral canal.