chap 9 Flashcards
1
Q
General senses
A
pain, otuch, pressure, cold, and heat
2
Q
special senses
A
taste, smell, vision, hearing, and equilibrium, chemical
3
Q
sensory adaptation
A
decline in the rate of impulse formation due o repeated stimulation by the same stimuus
4
Q
Phasic
A
Fast adaptation
5
Q
tonic
A
slow adaptation
6
Q
thermoreceptors are sensitive from tempters
A
beginning at 25C and above 45 C causes extreme burning
7
Q
cold receptors are senitive to temperatures bellow
A
20C, while being below 10C triggers cold painful sensation
8
Q
Mechanoreceptors are sensitive to
A
mechanical stimuli that displaces the tissue surronding the receptors
9
Q
Pacinian corpuscles are
A
pressure receptors deep in the dermis, ligaments,a and tendons.
10
Q
two types of touch receptorss are
A
meissner corpuscles and free nerve ending
11
Q
meissner corpuscles are sensitive to
A
very light stimuli and are found in demal papillae and hairless portion of the skin
12
Q
free nerve endings fuction
A
in touch, itch, temperature, and pain.
13
Q
free nervve endings are found w
A
wrapped around hair follicles and are abundant in epithelial and connective tissues and internal organs
14
Q
proprioceptors
A
a type of mechanorecetors located in skeletal muscles and tendons.
15
Q
proprioceptors help
A
maintain posture, equilibrium, and muscle tone
16
Q
pain is
A
receptors of free nerve endings, which is everywhere except for neural tissue in the brain
17
Q
Pain receptors are
A
tonic r not at all
18
Q
referred pain
A
pain impulses originate from visceral organs but is felt in part of the body wall
19
Q
reffered pain works because
A
pain is projected along common nerves used by neurons carrying impulsees from both the body wall and visceral organs
20
Q
special senses
A
receptors are localized rather then widely distributed.
21
Q
chemoreceptors
A
sensitive to chemicals
22
Q
Phonoreceptors
A
sensitive to sound wave vibrations
23
Q
Photoreceptors
A
senstitive to light rays
24
Q
chemoreceptors are located in
A
taste buds on the tongue (taste cells)
25
taste hairs
exposed to chemicals on the tongue
26
four types of taste receptors
Sweet, sour, salty, bitter
27
olfactory organs are located
in upper portion of nasal cavity
28
olfactory chemoreceptor cells are supported by
columnar epithelium cells
29
cilia on distal ends of receptors are
exposed to airborne particles
30
gaseus chemical must dissolve in fluid covering receptor to
stimulate the receptor
31
to smell faint ordors the air must be
sniffed
32
hearing is in a stucture called a
comlex structure
33
hearing is made u of 3 major parts:
external ear, middle ear, and iner ear.
34
external ear consist of two parts
aurucle and external auditory canal
35
auricle
funnel-like structure made of cartilage and skin, attached to side of head
36
external auditory canal
short tube extending from auricle to eardrum
37
... and ... in the auditory canal kee foriegn particles from reaching the eardrum
Cerumen and hair
38
the middle ear is composed of 4 components
tympnic membrane, tympanic cavity, auditory tube, ear ossicles
39
tympanic membrane closes
the inerior to the external auditoy canal
40
tympanic membrane is externally... and internally...
covered ins kin, covered in mucous membrane
41
tympanic cavity
air filled pace in temoral bone seperated from external auditory canal by the tympanic membrane
42
auditory tube
connects tympanic cavity with the pharynx
43
the auditory tube allows
for air pressure in the tymanic cavity to equal external air pressure
44
ear ossicles
three tiny bones forming a lever system between tympanic membrane and inner ear
45
the three bones in the ear ossicles is
malleus, incus, stapes
46
vibrations form tympanic membrane pass from
malleus to incus to stapes
47
the inner ear
two series of conduction tubes and chambers embedded, one inside the other
48
the inner ear consist of the
outer bony labyrinth, and inner membranous labyrinth
49
space between the to labyrinths in filled with
perilymp
50
the membranous labyrinth is filled with
endolymph
51
the inner ear consists of three major parts:
coclea, vestibule, semicircular canals
52
coclea is
coiled portion
53
3 chambers seperated b membranes inside the internal ear are,
scala vestibuli, scala tympani, vestibule
54
the inner ear also includes
oval window, round window
55
Cochlear duct extends
almost to apex of cochlea
56
the chochlear duct is separated from the scala vestibuli by the
vestibular membrane
57
conchlear duct is separated from scala tympani by
basilar membrane
58
basilar membrane contains
20,000 cross hairs
59
cross hairs increase in length from
the base of apex of the cochlea
60
fibers attach to bony center of
conchlea
61
can vibrate when activated by
vibrations made form sound
62
organ of corti
is in upper surface of basilar membrane
63
impulses travel from hair cells along the cochlear branch of
cranial nerve VIII
64
Low pitch
vibrates longer basilar fibers
65
high pitch
vibrates shorter basilar fibers
66
pitch is determined by
portion of basilar membrane and organ of Corti activated by a sound frequency, and the hearing centers receiving the impulses
67
loudness depends on the
intensity of the vibration of the basilar membrane and organ of corti
68
greator frequency means
louder sound sensatiosn
69
severla sensory receptors are involved inequilibrium
proprioceptors, rprotoreceptors, and phonoreceptors
70
static equilibrium
when the head is motionless
71
Dynamic equilibrium
when the head is moving
72
Macula:
the organ of static equilibrium
73
the macula is inside
the utricle and saccule
74
otoliths acomplishes two tasks:
increase the weight of gelatinous mass, and mak it more responsive to the force of gravity
75
semcircular canals contain receptors that detect
motion of the head
76
canals are oriented at
90 degrees to each other
77
each ampulla possesses a
crista ampullaris
78
crista ampullaris is
sensory organ for dynamic equilibrium
79
crista ampullaris contains
hairs cells with processes extending into a cupula
80
eyes are the
organ of vision
81
lacrimal glands
produces tears
82
lacrimal ducts
carry tears to eye surface
83
tears drain into the
superior and inferior carnaliculi,
84
from the canaliculi to the
lacrimal sac
85
from the lacrimal sac to the
nasolacrimal duct
86
outer (vascular) layer of eye:
sclera, cornea,
87
sclera:
tough, fibrous, opaque, white portion of the eye that provides protection for delicate internal portions of the eye and optic nerve
88
cornea
the antrir, convex, clar window of the eye that bends light rays as they pass through. it
89
the cornea lacks
blood vessels and nerves
90
middle layer is made of
chorid coat and ciliary body
91
the choroid coat
has large blood vessels to nourish the eye, and has melanin to revnt backscattering of light
92
Ciliary body
has ciliary muscles that surround the lens and suspensory ligaments
93
the suspensory ligaments are
between ciliary body and lens hold the lens in place
94
iris is the
colored portion of the eyes that controls the amount of light entering the eye by controlling the size of the pupil
95
pupil is the
opening in the center of the iris that allows lgiht to pass into the eye
96
retina
lines the interior of the eye posterior to the ciliary body
97
rods are for
black and white vision
98
cones are for
red, yellow, and blue colors
99
macula
contains the fovea centralis
100
optical disk
yellowish disc on the retina that is a blind spot
101
impulses from rod and cones are transmitted to
ganlion neurons
102
fibers of ganglion neurons converge at optic disc to form the
optic nerve
103
optic disk lacks photoreceptors and creates
a "blind spot"
104
anterior cavit
space between cornea and lens which is filled with aqueous humor
105
the fuction of aqueoous humor is to
maintain cornea shape and regulte internal pressure within the eye
106
posterior cavity is
located behind the lens and is filled with viteous humor
107
functions of vitreous humor
presses retina against eye wall and maintains eye shape
108
retina
lines the interior of the eye posterior to the ciliary body
109
rods are for
black and white vision
110
cones are for
red, green, and blue colors
111
macula
contains the fovea centralis
112
optical disk
yellowish disc on the retina that is a blind spot
113
impulses from rod and cones are transmitted to
ganlion neurons
114
fibers of ganglion neurons converge at optic disc to form the
optic nerve
115
optic disk lacks photoreceptors and creates
a "blind spot"
116
anterior cavit
space between cornea and lens which is filled with aqueous humor
117
the fuction of aqueoous humor is to
maintain cornea shape and regulte internal pressure within the eye
118
posterior cavity is
located behind the lens and is filled with viteous humor
119
functions of vitreous humor
presses retina against eye wall and maintains eye shape
120
anterior cavit
space between cornea and lens which is filled with aqueous humor
121
the fuction of aqueoous humor is to
maintain cornea shape and regulte internal pressure within the eye
122
posterior cavity is
located behind the lens and is filled with viteous humor
123
functions of vitreous humor
presses retina against eye wall and maintains eye shape
124
cones are most consentrated at the
fovea centralis
125
rods are least concentrated at the
fovea centralis
126
the anterior cavity is space between
cornea and lens
127
the anterior cavity is filled with
aqueous humor
128
the aqueous humor fuctions to
maintain cornea shae and regulate internal pressure within the eye
129
the posterior avity is located
behind the lens
130
the posterior cavity is filled with
vitreous humor
131
the functions of vitreous humor
it presses retina against eye wall and maintains eye shape
132
... does the largest refration
cornea
133
... performs accommondation to provide fine adjustment
lens
134
presbyopia
having to hold something farther and father away in order to complete acarodation
135
in nearsightedmess
rays focus in front of retina
136
in farsightedness
rays focus behind retina
137
optic chasa
the cross of vision due to the left brain controlling the right, and vice versa.
138
neural deafness results from
impairment of conchlea or chochlear nerve
139
conduction deafness results from
impairment of tympanic membrane or ear ossicles.
140
labyrinthine disease
disorder of inner ear causes range from excess endolymph, infection, allergy, trama, circulation disorder, and aging
141
motion sickness is a functional disorder produced by
repetitive stimulation of equilibrium receptors by angular or vertial motion
142
otitis media
pathogens enter the middle ear through the auditory tube that cause paina nd outward bulging of tympanic membrane due to accumulated fluids
143
astigmatism
unequal fousing of light rays on the retina
144
blindness
partial or total loss of vision causes by cataracts, deterioration of the retina, damage to optic nerves, and damage to occipital lobes of the brain
145
cataract
coudiness or opacity of the lens
146
colorblindness
inability to percieve certain colors or all colors.
147
glaucoma
aqueous humor is produced more raidly then it is removed, this causes high introcular pressure compresses blood vessels, causing death of receptor cells
148
strabismus
disorder of extrinsic eye muscles.
