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anatomy > chap 9 > Flashcards

chap 9 Flashcards

1
Q

General senses

A

pain, otuch, pressure, cold, and heat

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2
Q

special senses

A

taste, smell, vision, hearing, and equilibrium, chemical

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3
Q

sensory adaptation

A

decline in the rate of impulse formation due o repeated stimulation by the same stimuus

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4
Q

Phasic

A

Fast adaptation

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5
Q

tonic

A

slow adaptation

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6
Q

thermoreceptors are sensitive from tempters

A

beginning at 25C and above 45 C causes extreme burning

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7
Q

cold receptors are senitive to temperatures bellow

A

20C, while being below 10C triggers cold painful sensation

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8
Q

Mechanoreceptors are sensitive to

A

mechanical stimuli that displaces the tissue surronding the receptors

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9
Q

Pacinian corpuscles are

A

pressure receptors deep in the dermis, ligaments,a and tendons.

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10
Q

two types of touch receptorss are

A

meissner corpuscles and free nerve ending

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11
Q

meissner corpuscles are sensitive to

A

very light stimuli and are found in demal papillae and hairless portion of the skin

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12
Q

free nerve endings fuction

A

in touch, itch, temperature, and pain.

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13
Q

free nervve endings are found w

A

wrapped around hair follicles and are abundant in epithelial and connective tissues and internal organs

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14
Q

proprioceptors

A

a type of mechanorecetors located in skeletal muscles and tendons.

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15
Q

proprioceptors help

A

maintain posture, equilibrium, and muscle tone

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16
Q

pain is

A

receptors of free nerve endings, which is everywhere except for neural tissue in the brain

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17
Q

Pain receptors are

A

tonic r not at all

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18
Q

referred pain

A

pain impulses originate from visceral organs but is felt in part of the body wall

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19
Q

reffered pain works because

A

pain is projected along common nerves used by neurons carrying impulsees from both the body wall and visceral organs

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20
Q

special senses

A

receptors are localized rather then widely distributed.

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21
Q

chemoreceptors

A

sensitive to chemicals

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22
Q

Phonoreceptors

A

sensitive to sound wave vibrations

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23
Q

Photoreceptors

A

senstitive to light rays

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24
Q

chemoreceptors are located in

A

taste buds on the tongue (taste cells)

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25
Q

taste hairs

A

exposed to chemicals on the tongue

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26
Q

four types of taste receptors

A

Sweet, sour, salty, bitter

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27
Q

olfactory organs are located

A

in upper portion of nasal cavity

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28
Q

olfactory chemoreceptor cells are supported by

A

columnar epithelium cells

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29
Q

cilia on distal ends of receptors are

A

exposed to airborne particles

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30
Q

gaseus chemical must dissolve in fluid covering receptor to

A

stimulate the receptor

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31
Q

to smell faint ordors the air must be

A

sniffed

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32
Q

hearing is in a stucture called a

A

comlex structure

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33
Q

hearing is made u of 3 major parts:

A

external ear, middle ear, and iner ear.

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34
Q

external ear consist of two parts

A

aurucle and external auditory canal

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35
Q

auricle

A

funnel-like structure made of cartilage and skin, attached to side of head

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36
Q

external auditory canal

A

short tube extending from auricle to eardrum

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37
Q

… and … in the auditory canal kee foriegn particles from reaching the eardrum

A

Cerumen and hair

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38
Q

the middle ear is composed of 4 components

A

tympnic membrane, tympanic cavity, auditory tube, ear ossicles

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39
Q

tympanic membrane closes

A

the inerior to the external auditoy canal

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40
Q

tympanic membrane is externally… and internally…

A

covered ins kin, covered in mucous membrane

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41
Q

tympanic cavity

A

air filled pace in temoral bone seperated from external auditory canal by the tympanic membrane

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42
Q

auditory tube

A

connects tympanic cavity with the pharynx

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43
Q

the auditory tube allows

A

for air pressure in the tymanic cavity to equal external air pressure

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44
Q

ear ossicles

A

three tiny bones forming a lever system between tympanic membrane and inner ear

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45
Q

the three bones in the ear ossicles is

A

malleus, incus, stapes

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46
Q

vibrations form tympanic membrane pass from

A

malleus to incus to stapes

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47
Q

the inner ear

A

two series of conduction tubes and chambers embedded, one inside the other

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48
Q

the inner ear consist of the

A

outer bony labyrinth, and inner membranous labyrinth

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49
Q

space between the to labyrinths in filled with

A

perilymp

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50
Q

the membranous labyrinth is filled with

A

endolymph

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51
Q

the inner ear consists of three major parts:

A

coclea, vestibule, semicircular canals

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52
Q

coclea is

A

coiled portion

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53
Q

3 chambers seperated b membranes inside the internal ear are,

A

scala vestibuli, scala tympani, vestibule

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54
Q

the inner ear also includes

A

oval window, round window

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55
Q

Cochlear duct extends

A

almost to apex of cochlea

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56
Q

the chochlear duct is separated from the scala vestibuli by the

A

vestibular membrane

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57
Q

conchlear duct is separated from scala tympani by

A

basilar membrane

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58
Q

basilar membrane contains

A

20,000 cross hairs

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59
Q

cross hairs increase in length from

A

the base of apex of the cochlea

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60
Q

fibers attach to bony center of

A

conchlea

61
Q

can vibrate when activated by

A

vibrations made form sound

62
Q

organ of corti

A

is in upper surface of basilar membrane

63
Q

impulses travel from hair cells along the cochlear branch of

A

cranial nerve VIII

64
Q

Low pitch

A

vibrates longer basilar fibers

65
Q

high pitch

A

vibrates shorter basilar fibers

66
Q

pitch is determined by

A

portion of basilar membrane and organ of Corti activated by a sound frequency, and the hearing centers receiving the impulses

67
Q

loudness depends on the

A

intensity of the vibration of the basilar membrane and organ of corti

68
Q

greator frequency means

A

louder sound sensatiosn

69
Q

severla sensory receptors are involved inequilibrium

A

proprioceptors, rprotoreceptors, and phonoreceptors

70
Q

static equilibrium

A

when the head is motionless

71
Q

Dynamic equilibrium

A

when the head is moving

72
Q

Macula:

A

the organ of static equilibrium

73
Q

the macula is inside

A

the utricle and saccule

74
Q

otoliths acomplishes two tasks:

A

increase the weight of gelatinous mass, and mak it more responsive to the force of gravity

75
Q

semcircular canals contain receptors that detect

A

motion of the head

76
Q

canals are oriented at

A

90 degrees to each other

77
Q

each ampulla possesses a

A

crista ampullaris

78
Q

crista ampullaris is

A

sensory organ for dynamic equilibrium

79
Q

crista ampullaris contains

A

hairs cells with processes extending into a cupula

80
Q

eyes are the

A

organ of vision

81
Q

lacrimal glands

A

produces tears

82
Q

lacrimal ducts

A

carry tears to eye surface

83
Q

tears drain into the

A

superior and inferior carnaliculi,

84
Q

from the canaliculi to the

A

lacrimal sac

85
Q

from the lacrimal sac to the

A

nasolacrimal duct

86
Q

outer (vascular) layer of eye:

A

sclera, cornea,

87
Q

sclera:

A

tough, fibrous, opaque, white portion of the eye that provides protection for delicate internal portions of the eye and optic nerve

88
Q

cornea

A

the antrir, convex, clar window of the eye that bends light rays as they pass through. it

89
Q

the cornea lacks

A

blood vessels and nerves

90
Q

middle layer is made of

A

chorid coat and ciliary body

91
Q

the choroid coat

A

has large blood vessels to nourish the eye, and has melanin to revnt backscattering of light

92
Q

Ciliary body

A

has ciliary muscles that surround the lens and suspensory ligaments

93
Q

the suspensory ligaments are

A

between ciliary body and lens hold the lens in place

94
Q

iris is the

A

colored portion of the eyes that controls the amount of light entering the eye by controlling the size of the pupil

95
Q

pupil is the

A

opening in the center of the iris that allows lgiht to pass into the eye

96
Q

retina

A

lines the interior of the eye posterior to the ciliary body

97
Q

rods are for

A

black and white vision

98
Q

cones are for

A

red, yellow, and blue colors

99
Q

macula

A

contains the fovea centralis

100
Q

optical disk

A

yellowish disc on the retina that is a blind spot

101
Q

impulses from rod and cones are transmitted to

A

ganlion neurons

102
Q

fibers of ganglion neurons converge at optic disc to form the

A

optic nerve

103
Q

optic disk lacks photoreceptors and creates

A

a “blind spot”

104
Q

anterior cavit

A

space between cornea and lens which is filled with aqueous humor

105
Q

the fuction of aqueoous humor is to

A

maintain cornea shape and regulte internal pressure within the eye

106
Q

posterior cavity is

A

located behind the lens and is filled with viteous humor

107
Q

functions of vitreous humor

A

presses retina against eye wall and maintains eye shape

108
Q

retina

A

lines the interior of the eye posterior to the ciliary body

109
Q

rods are for

A

black and white vision

110
Q

cones are for

A

red, green, and blue colors

111
Q

macula

A

contains the fovea centralis

112
Q

optical disk

A

yellowish disc on the retina that is a blind spot

113
Q

impulses from rod and cones are transmitted to

A

ganlion neurons

114
Q

fibers of ganglion neurons converge at optic disc to form the

A

optic nerve

115
Q

optic disk lacks photoreceptors and creates

A

a “blind spot”

116
Q

anterior cavit

A

space between cornea and lens which is filled with aqueous humor

117
Q

the fuction of aqueoous humor is to

A

maintain cornea shape and regulte internal pressure within the eye

118
Q

posterior cavity is

A

located behind the lens and is filled with viteous humor

119
Q

functions of vitreous humor

A

presses retina against eye wall and maintains eye shape

120
Q

anterior cavit

A

space between cornea and lens which is filled with aqueous humor

121
Q

the fuction of aqueoous humor is to

A

maintain cornea shape and regulte internal pressure within the eye

122
Q

posterior cavity is

A

located behind the lens and is filled with viteous humor

123
Q

functions of vitreous humor

A

presses retina against eye wall and maintains eye shape

124
Q

cones are most consentrated at the

A

fovea centralis

125
Q

rods are least concentrated at the

A

fovea centralis

126
Q

the anterior cavity is space between

A

cornea and lens

127
Q

the anterior cavity is filled with

A

aqueous humor

128
Q

the aqueous humor fuctions to

A

maintain cornea shae and regulate internal pressure within the eye

129
Q

the posterior avity is located

A

behind the lens

130
Q

the posterior cavity is filled with

A

vitreous humor

131
Q

the functions of vitreous humor

A

it presses retina against eye wall and maintains eye shape

132
Q

… does the largest refration

A

cornea

133
Q

… performs accommondation to provide fine adjustment

A

lens

134
Q

presbyopia

A

having to hold something farther and father away in order to complete acarodation

135
Q

in nearsightedmess

A

rays focus in front of retina

136
Q

in farsightedness

A

rays focus behind retina

137
Q

optic chasa

A

the cross of vision due to the left brain controlling the right, and vice versa.

138
Q

neural deafness results from

A

impairment of conchlea or chochlear nerve

139
Q

conduction deafness results from

A

impairment of tympanic membrane or ear ossicles.

140
Q

labyrinthine disease

A

disorder of inner ear causes range from excess endolymph, infection, allergy, trama, circulation disorder, and aging

141
Q

motion sickness is a functional disorder produced by

A

repetitive stimulation of equilibrium receptors by angular or vertial motion

142
Q

otitis media

A

pathogens enter the middle ear through the auditory tube that cause paina nd outward bulging of tympanic membrane due to accumulated fluids

143
Q

astigmatism

A

unequal fousing of light rays on the retina

144
Q

blindness

A

partial or total loss of vision causes by cataracts, deterioration of the retina, damage to optic nerves, and damage to occipital lobes of the brain

145
Q

cataract

A

coudiness or opacity of the lens

146
Q

colorblindness

A

inability to percieve certain colors or all colors.

147
Q

glaucoma

A

aqueous humor is produced more raidly then it is removed, this causes high introcular pressure compresses blood vessels, causing death of receptor cells

148
Q

strabismus

A

disorder of extrinsic eye muscles.

anatomy (4 decks)

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