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PSY 242 > chapter 8 - Nervous system Development > Flashcards

chapter 8 - Nervous system Development Flashcards

1
Q

which chromosome does the egg contribute

A

X

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2
Q

which chromosome does the sperm contribute

A

X or Y

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3
Q
  1. What age of mother does prenatal development issues increase?
  2. What issues can arise?
  3. What is a solution?
A

35+

  • genetic errors
  • birth defects

this is people use donor eggs

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4
Q

About a week afer conception, which hormone is released into the bloodstream and what does it do?

A

human Chorionic Gonadotropin

-released by the placenta
-prevents menstration
-stimulates proestrone production (stability)

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5
Q

How is sex determination different in reptiles compaired with mammals

A

mammals - **sex chromosomes **(XY)

reptiles -** tempurature dependent**

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6
Q

which chromosome is bigger? X or Y

A

X - 1600 genes

Y - 50 genes

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7
Q

what is the SRY gene

A

**Sex Determining region-Y
**
found on the Y chromosome and determines male gender

ABSENCE (mutation, deletion, XX) - leads to female reproductive parts

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8
Q

What are the primordial reproductive systems

A

Males - Wolfian (mullerian inhibiting substance regresses Mullerian)

female - Mullerian (absence of Testosterone regresses Wolfian)

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9
Q

What happens to the male fetus at 3 month?

A

more testoterones
more MIS (mullerian inhibiting substance)

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10
Q

What is “Masculization of the male Brain”

A

developing traits of the male brain caused by:

  • perinatal testosterone exposure
  • Aromatization: Aromatase (conversion of the test into estradiol)

The conversion of testosterone into estrogen is essential for making the male brain develop in a way that aligns with male characteristics, such as aggression, spatial skills, or sex drive.

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11
Q

What is Aromatization?

A

Gonadal Testosterone –> brain (aromatase) –> Estradiol

The conversion of testosterone into estrogen is essential for making the male brain develop in a way that aligns with male characteristics, such as aggression, spatial skills, or sex drive.

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12
Q

What is Estradiol?

A

A powerful form of estrogen

masulinizes the male brain

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13
Q

Female fetus: what prevents estradiol from masulinzing the female brain

A

Alpha-Feto-Protein keeps it out of the female BBB

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14
Q

Where is Aromatization most active?

A

Hypothalamus (hormone regulation)

Amygdala (emotion and behaviour)

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15
Q

How is spatial visualiztion differnt in males and females

A

males: object rotation (partietal Lobe)
females:** location memory** (Hippocampus)

different cognitive effects from different receptors in the brain being acted on

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16
Q

what is totipotent

A

ability of a cell to differentiate into all types of cells necessary to form a complete organism (CELLS IN FERTILIZED EGG)

  • skin and bone cells
  • neurons and glial cells

fertilized egg —-> zygot stage —–> embryo stage —-> fetal stage

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17
Q

Zygot stage

A

first stage after fertilization
cells divide and start multiplying

fertilized egg —-> zygot stage —–> embryo stage —-> fetal stage

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18
Q

Embryo stage

A

fertilized egg —-> zygot stage —–> embryo stage —-> fetal stage

Embryo stage: all vertebrates look the same in this stage

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19
Q

Neural plate

A

Formed during embryo stage

ectodermal structure that forms the CNS

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20
Q

Neural tube

A

formed by neural plate after it folds and closes

anterior end - brain
posterior end - spinal cord

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21
Q

Neural Crest

A

formed by cells from neural tube and ectoderm

becomes PNS

22
Q

Ectoderm
Mesoderm
Endoderm

A

Ectoderm - skin, CNS
Mesoderm - bones, muscle, dermis (underskin)
Endoderm - internal organs linning

23
Q

Development of the human nervous system: day 18 - 24

A

day 18: neural plate (primitive neural tissue)

day 21: neural plate —-> neural groove

day 22: nerual groove —> neural tube

day 23:
anterior neural tube –> folds into brain
posterior neural tube –> folds spinal cord

day 24: you have a developing forbrain and heart

24
Q

what does the open regions in the center of the neuronal tube form into?

A

the ventricles of the heart

25
Q

Spina Bifida

A

Neural tube defect…

posterior neuronal tube fails to close

26
Q

Anecephaly

A

Neural tube defect…

anterior neuronal tube fails to close

27
Q

what day does the heart start beating

A

day 35

28
Q

why are stem cells so important

A

Totipotent - can become any cell or duplicate itsself

DAUGHTER CELLS are Multipotent - differentiates into a specific lineage

29
Q

where are stem cells found

A

stem cell –> Progenitor Cell –> blast cell

subventricular zone

30
Q

Progenitor Cell

A

stem cell –> Progenitor Cell –> blast cell

differentiates into neural cells or glial cells

31
Q

blast Cells

A

stem cell –> Progenitor Cell –> blast cell

neuroblast or glioblast

32
Q

Tangentail migration

A

cells leaving the neural tube tangential to hte subventricular zone

33
Q

Radial Migration

A

cells leaving the neural tube in the direction of the radius of the subventricular zone

MAIN way of cell migration

34
Q

NeoCortex

A

source of higher cognition

35
Q

Radial Cell migration in the NeoCortex

A

reelin tells the cell exactly what layer to go to. They aggregate (clump/cluster) to make connections

36
Q

during radial cell migration in the NeoCortex, does it fill top-bottom or bottom-top

A

bottom-top

deepest layers closer to the ventricular zone get filled first

migration -> aggregation -> differentiates -> matures

37
Q

what grows faster, axon or dendrite

A

axon

38
Q

Axonal Growth: growth cone & filopodia

A

growth cone: tip of axon that is growing

filopodia: the end of the cones that are reaching out looking for connections (Synaptogenesis)

39
Q

Synaptogenesis

A

making new connections

-help from Neurotropic Factors (BDNF)

40
Q

neurotropic factors (ex: BDNF)

A

proteins that aid in signaling and contribute to the browth and health of neurons

-help plasticity

41
Q

brain development (slide 54) look at this

A
42
Q

Cell death methods (2)

A

Necrosis - uncontrolled death (cut)

Apoptosis - programmed death

43
Q

Why is cell death important? give an example

A

Example: SynDactyly

fingers welded together beacuse skin cells dont die

44
Q

last stage of development

A

myelination

45
Q

How does synaptic pruning work?

A

(occurs after 1st year alive and then into childhood)

happens because neurons compete for BDNF (NEURAL DARWANISM)

only the nessecary synapses stay

46
Q

Whats an example of synapses rearranging/focusing/streamlining/pruning

A

2 months: baby reaches towards object

4 months: grabs with entire hand

10 months: pincer with thumb and index

47
Q

experience and brain development: Critical period vs. Sensitive Period

A

Critical Period: Development is irreversibly impacted (vision)(amblyopia)

Sensitive Period: Development is optimal during the period, but it is possible to learn or adapt later (language)

48
Q

what is Amblyopia? which period?

A

Vision doesnt develope properly (lazy eye) in Critical Period

49
Q

Development disorders:

A

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)
-bad social skills
-repetitive behaviours (extreme cases)
-too many synapses

Williams Syndrome
-genetic
-physical abnormalities (big eyes)
-good at music and speak alot
-bad social skills
-low IQ

50
Q

Brain changes in Williams Syndrom

A

increased cortical volume in Broncus area (speach)(music)

decrease cortical volume in Frontal Lobe (spatial awarness)

PSY 242 (9 decks)

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