chapter 11 - sensorimotor system

Question 1

afferent

Answer 1

arrival to the brain

Question 2

efferent

Answer 2

exiting the brain

Question 3

direction of initiating a motor sequence

Answer 3

PFC (idea) —–> pre-motor cortex (organizies) —–> motor cortex (action)

Question 4

In the motor cortex, the ___ motor neurons contain a homuculus map

Answer 4

upper

Question 5

Basal Ganglia

Answer 5

motor control

Question 6

the feed back loop between basal ganglia the _____ , and the ______is called the _____ loop

Answer 6

motor cortex; thalamus; consulting

Question 7

In the basal ganglia, the ____ is where info comes in, and the _____ is where info leaves

Answer 7

straitum (lateral);

Globus pallidus (medial)

Question 8

Parkinsons

Answer 8

motor disease in basal ganglia
-loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra

Hypokinetic (slow movement) and Hyperkinetic (excessive movement) symptoms

Question 9

Huntingtons disease

Answer 9

-erratic function
-cognitive decline

Question 10

How did research find out about the dopaminergic damage in the basal gangia during parkinsons

Answer 10

rodent model

used a neurotoxin called MPTP

Question 11

Habit related disorders

Answer 11

OCD

tourettes

Question 12

axons of upper motor neurons descend to the brainstem via ________

Answer 12

internal capsul

Question 13

Corticobullar tracts vs. Corticospinal tracts

Answer 13

Corticobullar tracts: motor complex —>

Corticospinal tracts: motor complex —> spinal cord

Question 14

Corticalspinal anterior and lateral

Answer 14

anterior - controls body’s midline

lateral: controls limbs

Question 15

Exteroceptive sense

Answer 15

anything that touches the skin

Question 16

Proprioceptive Senses

Answer 16

what the body is doing, awareness of the body

Question 17

Interoceptive Senses

Answer 17

internal organ, blood pressure (you are not aware of it yourself)

Question 18

Merkel Receptors

Answer 18

the closest to the skin, allows the feeling of touch

Question 19

Ruffini Corpuscles

Answer 19

stretching of the skin

Question 20

Pacinian Corpuscles

Answer 20

vibration

Question 21

Free Nerve Endings

Answer 21

sense of something hot, cold, painful

Question 22

Two-Point Threshold

Answer 22

tow point threshold:
* the distance when they feel only one point

Question 23

Most sensitive two point areas

Answer 23

fingers, hand

lip, nose, cheek

Question 24

least sensitive two point areas

Answer 24

arm, shoulder, calf(#1), back,

Question 25

C-tactile (CT) mechanoreceptors

Answer 25

are nerve receptors in the skin that respond to gentle touch and are thought to convey pleasant sensations

Question 26

Three general categories of pain

Answer 26

– Nociceptive by free nerve endings close to the skin
– Inflammatory
– Neuropathic involved in nerve pathways and it is deep

Question 27

Two dimensions of pain

Answer 27

– Affective: emotional
– Discriminative: part of the body

Question 28

where is pain processed

Answer 28

PAIN MATRIX

-parietal lobe
- pre-frontal cortex
- Limbic —> amygdala

Question 29

The traditional theory of pain

Answer 29

Sensation of pain explained in purely physiological
terms

Question 30

Problems with the traditional theory

Answer 30

1. it doesn’t explain the placebo effect
2. injured in a game you keep playing
   and you feel it in much lesser degree, this shouldn’t happen
   according to the traditional theory

Question 31

the gate control theory:

Answer 31

the sense of pain is based on the opnein and closing of a gate.
* if you open the gate you feel more pain (you can close it by mechanical stress)
* the signal from the nociceptors (pain receptors) opens the gate
* touch receptors close the gate
* the gate control theory has an additional aspect which is called the central
control which is our state of mind
◦ the persons mind and expectations affects the pain