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PSYCH 104 > Chapter 8: Motivation and Emotion > Flashcards

Chapter 8: Motivation and Emotion Flashcards

1
Q

Motivation

A

A processes that influences the type of behaviour that gets expressed and its persistence.

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2
Q

Drive Reduction Theory

A

The primary motivation of all organisms is to reduce their drives.

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3
Q

Drive

A

A hypothetical, internal state of tension that motivates an organism to engage in activities that should reduce this tension.

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4
Q

Homeostasis

A

The tendency of biological systems to maintain relatively constant conditions in the internal environment while continuously interacting with and adjusting to changes originating within or outside the system.

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5
Q

Issue with Drive Reduction Theory.

A

Does no explain the presence of behaviour when drives are satisfied. Does not explain the presence of behaviours that have no obvious biological imperative.

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6
Q

Incentive and Expectancy Theories

A

Proposing that we’re often motivated by positive goals, assumes stimuli have different levels of incentive value.

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7
Q

Incentive

A

An external goal that has the capacity to motivate behaviour.

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8
Q

Motivation Calculation

A

Incentive value x Expectancy

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9
Q

Extrinsic Motivation

A

Motivation by external goals

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10
Q

Intrinsic Motivation

A

Motivation by internal goals

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11
Q

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

A

Proposing that we must satisfy physiological needs and needs for safety and security before progressing to more complex needs.

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12
Q

Self-Actualization

A

The desire for self-fulfillment, namely the tendency for hime (the individual) to become actualized in what he is potentially. The desire to become more and more what one is, to become everything that one is capable of becoming.

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13
Q

Metabolism

A

The body’s rate of caloric utilization.

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14
Q

Basal Metabolism

A

Metabolic rate when body is at rest.

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15
Q

Set Points

A

Value that establishes a range of body and muscle mass we tend to maintain.

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16
Q

Short-Term Signals for Hunger

A

Hunger pangs = muscular contradictions of the stomach. Corresponds to feelings of hunger and satiety.

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17
Q

Glucostatic Theory

A

Theory that when our blood glucose levels drop, hunger creates a drive to eat to restore the proper level of glucose.

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18
Q

Short-Term Signals for Satiety

A

Distention of the stomach and intestine.

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19
Q

Cholecystokinin

A

Peptide hormone released by small intestine that causes satiety.

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20
Q

Long-Term Signals Regulating Appetite and Weight

A

Leptin

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21
Q

Leptin

A

Hormone that signals the hypothalamus and brain stem to reduce appetite and increase the amount of energy used.

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22
Q

Lateral Hypothalamus

A

Electrical stimulation leads to increased eating

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23
Q

Ventromedial Hypothalamus

A

Electrical stimulation leads to decreased eating.

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24
Q

Paraventricular Nucleus

A

A cluster of neurons in the hypothalamus that stimulate appetite. (Contains neuropeptide Y (stimulant) and is inhibited by Leptin)

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25
Behavioural Perspective - Psychology of Hunger
Respondent Conditioning, Operant Conditioning, Effects of Generalization.
26
Cognitive Perspective - Psychology of Hunger
Expectations that eating will be pleasurable and will reduce hunger stimulate eating.
27
Palatability
Better tasting foods are consumed in larger quantities.
28
Quantity Available
Greater amounts of food lead to greater consumption
29
Variety
Different types of food lead to greater overall consumption because satiation is usually specific to a particular type of food and not food in general.
30
Obesity
BMI > 30, heritability component, environmental factors.
31
Bulimia Nervosa
Eating Disorder associated with a pattern of bingeing and purging in an effort to lose or maintain weight.
32
Anorexia Nervosa
Eating disorder associated with excessive weight loss, food restriction, and a strong desire to be thin.
33
Components of Emotion
Cognitive (conscious experience), Physiological (automatic responses), and Behavioural (expression)
34
Physiological Component
The automatic responses associated with emotion are many and complex, regulated by the autonomic nervous system.
35
Polygraph Test
Measures heart rate, blood pressure, respiration. Better than chance levels of detecting lies.
36
Primary Emotions
7 emotions believed to be cross-culturally universal. - Happiness, Sadness, surprise, anger, disgust, fear, contempt. Combine to form secondary emotions.
37
Display Rules
Cross-cultural guidelines for how and when to express emotions.
38
Facial Feedback Hypothesis
Facial expressions are capable influencing emotions.
39
Non-Verbal Language
Unconscious spillover of emotions into verbal behaviour.
40
Personal Space
Emotional distance is (often) positively correlated with physical distance.
41
Common Sense
"I tremble because I feel afraid"
42
James-Lange Theory
Feelings are simply the perception of one's own physiological responses to a stimulus.
43
Cannon-Bard Theory
"Godzilla makes me feel afraid and tremble"
44
Two-Factor Theory
Stimuli trigger a general state of physiological arousal, which is then interpreted as a specific.
45
The Mere Exposure Effect
The phenomenon in which repeated exposure to a stimulus makes us more likely to feel favourably towards it.
46
Two Dimensions of Emotion
Valance (how positive a feeling is), and Arousal (how energetic the feeling is)
47
Appraisal
Conscious or unconscious evaluations and interpretations of the emotion-relevant aspects of a stimulus or event.
48
Action Tendencies
A readiness to engage in a specific set of emotion-relevant behaviours
49
Amygdala
Play an important role in producing emotions and appraising stimuli. The gas pedal of emotion.
50
Cerebral Cortex
The brakes on emotion expression.
51
Universality Hypothesis
All emotional expressions mean the same thing to all people in all places at all times.
52
Display Rule
A norm for the appropriate expression of emotion.
53
Intensification
Exaggerating the expression of emotion.
54
Disintensification
Muting the expression of one's emotions.
55
Masking
Expressing one emotion while feeling another.
56
Neutralizing
Showing no expression of the emotion one is feeing.
57
Instinct
The natural motivation to seek a particular goal.
58
Hedonic Principle
People are primarily motivated to experience pleasure and avoid pain.
59
Evolutionary Mismatch
The idea that traits that were adaptive in a ancestral environment may be maladaptive in a modern way.
60
Approach Motivation
The motivation to experience positive outcomes.
61
Avoidance Motivation
The motivation to avoid experiencing negative outcomes.
62
Loss Aversion
Tendency to care more about losses than about achieving equal-size gains.
63
Terror Management Theory
A theory about how people respond to knowledge of their own mortality

PSYCH 104 (9 decks)

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