Chapter 7: Learning Flashcards
Wundt
Psychology is the science of consciousness
Watson
Psychology is the science of behaviour.
Behaviourism
Views behaviour as a function of evolved genetic and environmental forces.
Reflexes
A relationship between a specific event and simple response to that event.
Primary Laws of the Reflex
- Law of Threshold
- Law of Intensity-Magnitude
- Law of Latency
Law of Threshold
There is a point below which no response is elicited and above a response always occurs.
Law of Intensity-Magnitude.
Increases in stimulus intensity (or magnitude), also increase the intensity of the response.
Law of Latency
The more intense a stimulus is, the faster the response is elicited.
Habituation
A decrease in the intensity or probability of reflex response resulting from repeated exposure to a stimulus that evokes that response.
Fixed Action Patterns
A series of related acts found in (nearly) all member of a species.
General Behaviour Traits
Any general behavioural tendency that is strongly influence by genes.
Learning
A change in behaviour due to the environment
Classical Conditioning
A neutral stimulus becomes associated with a naturally occurring stimulus, leading to an automatic, conditioned response to the previously neutral stimulus.
Respondent Conditioning
Classical Conditioning
Unconditional Stimulus
An antecedent stimulus that elicits the behaviour called the unconditioned response without the need of any prior history of learning.
Unconditional Response
The behaviour elicited by the antecedent stimulus called the unconditional stimulus without the need of any prior history of learning.
Conditional Stimulus
A previously neutral stimulus that acquires the ability to elicit a conditioned response when it is contingently paired with a unconditioned stimulus.
Conditional Response
The behaviour elicited by the antecedent stimulus called the conditioned stimulus.
Probe Trial
More exposure = greater conditional responding
Delayed Conditioning
The CS begins and US overlaps partially.
Trace Conditioning
The CS begins and ends before the US.
Simultaneous Conditioning
The CS and US begin and end at the same time.
Backward Conditioning
The CS follows the US.
Respondent Extinction
Presenting the conditional stimulus in the absence of the unconditioned stimulus.
Spontaneous Recovery
An increase in the magnitude of the conditional response after respondent extinction has occurred and time has passed.
Respondent/ Stimulus Generalization
When an organism shows a conditioned response to values of the CS that were not trained during acquisition.
Respondent/ Stimulus Discrimination
When values of the CS, other than what was originally trained, elicit little to no conditioned response.
Higher-Order Conditioning
A type of conditioning in which a neutral stimulus becomes a conditional stimulus because of its contingent relationship with an already effective conditional stimulus.
Aversion Therapy
A therapy in which a stimulus is contingently paired with a noxious stimulus.
Operant Conditioning
The study of how consequences effect behaviour.
Two Ways of Reinforcing
Add a stimulus, or remove a stimulus.
Two Way of Punishing
Add of stimulus, remove a stimulus.
Punishment
Must actually decrease behaviour to be considered a punishment.
Discriminative Stimulus
A stimulus or event that sets the occasion for reinforcement
Discrimination
The effect of response being more likely to occur in the presence of the discriminative stimulus or event than its absence.
Operant/Stimulus Generalization
When an organism responds to value of the discriminative stimulus that are different than the originally trained values.
Operant Extinction
The procedure of withholding reinforcers that maintain a behaviour.
Spontaneous Recovery
The tendency fro extinguished behaviour to occur again in situations similar to those it had been previously reinforced after time has elapsed.
Extinction Burst
A short-lived burst in responding following the initial exposure to extinction.
Negative Punishment
The removal of something they already had NOT limiting their positive reinforcer.
Schedule of Reinforcement
A rule describing the delivery of reinforment.
Shaping
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations of a target behaviour.
